Objective To evaluate the expression and significance of C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10) in eosinophilic and non-eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps.   Methods A retrospective analysis, with thirty-five adult CRSwNP patients enrolled in this study. Nasal biopsy was performed and tissue sample was stored at RNA later reagent. Real-time PCR assay was used to investigate the CXCL10 level in polyp tissues. HE staining was performed for histological assessment of CRSwNP. CRSwNP was divided into eosinophilic CRSwNP (ECRSwNP) and non-eosinophilic CRSwNP (nonECRSwNP) based on the percentage of infiltrated eosinophils. Spearman rank analysis was used to measure the correlation between the CXCL10 level and the percentage of inflammatory cells. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to assess the predictive value of the CXCL10 level.  Results The CXCL10 level in nasal tissue is significantly higher in nonECRSwNP than in ECRSwNP samples (P<0.05). The CXCL10 mRNA level was negatively correlated with the percentage of tissue eosinophils (P<0.05, r=-0.395) whereas positively correlated with the percentage of tissue plasma cells (P<0.05, r=0.389). The ROC curve and Youden index indicated that the optimal cut-off value of 0.026 for CXCL10 normalized to GAPDH (the housekeeping gene) could predict nonECRSwNP with 58.33% sensitivity and 100% specificity (area under the curve=0.76, P<0.01).   Conclusion The CXCL10 level in nasal tissue is significantly higher in nonECRSwNP than in ECRSwNP, indicating the CXCL10 level in nasal polyp tissue may serve as a biomarker to predict nonECRSwNP.