Table of Content

2020, Volume 51 Issue 5
06 October 2020 Previous Issue    Next Issue
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Cell and Molecules Biology
Anatomy

Neurobiology
Anthropology
Anatomy
Anthropology
Cancer Biology



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Cell and Molecules Biology

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Relationship between the senescence of Leydig cells and the regulation of insulin/insuli-like growth factor-1 signaling pathway in rats delayed by Heshouwuyin LI Shao-hua JIANG Li-ping LIU Jing-yun LIU Wen-qing ZHU Juan NIU Si-yun QI Feng 2020, 51 (5):  751-757.  doi: 10.16098/j.issn.052-1356.2020.05.019 Abstract ( )   PDF (5234KB) ( )   Objective To investigate the relationship between the senescence of testicular Leydig cells and the regulation of insulin/insulin-like growth factor 1(IGF-1) signaling pathway in rats delayed by Heshouwuyin.   Methods The oxidative damage technique was used to establish Leydig cell aging model. Flow cytometry was used to detect the changes of cell cycle in each group. Detection of mRNA and protein expression levels of key genes of insulin/IGF-1 signaling pathway in Leydig cells by Real-time PCR, immunofluorescence and Western blotting. Cells were treated with insulin receptor/IGF receptor specific inhibitor BMS-754807, flow cytometry was used to detect the apoptotic level of Leydig cells.   Results Compared with the normal group, the proportion of β-galactosidase positive cells in the aging group was more than 60% (P<0.05), and the proportion of G1 phase increased significantly, while that of S phase decreased significantly (P<0.05); Changes in the expression of key genes of the insulin/IGF-1 signaling pathway: the expression levels of insulin receptor(INSR), insulin receptor substrate(IRS1), (IRS2), IGF-1 mRNA and protein in the aging group were significantly lower than those in the normal group（P＜0.05）, and the mRNA expression of  insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3(IGFBP3) was significantly higher than in the normal group（P＜0.05）, Heshouwuyin could reverse the above phenomenon. After the treatment of senescent testicular Leydig cells with BMS-754807, the mRNA expression level of Bcl-2 was lower than that of the senescent group (P<0.05), and the cell apoptosis rate was higher than that of the senescent testicular Leydig cells treated with Heshouwuyin and BMS-754807at the same time (P<0.05).   Conclusion Heshouwuyin delayed the senescence of testicular Leydig cells by regulating the insulin/IGF-1 signaling pathway. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of neurogenin 3 gene silencing on MafA expression in umbilical-derived pancreatic progenitor cells#br# WU Xing TAN Meng-tian QIN Xiao-li HONG Yan 2020, 51 (5):  758-764.  doi: 10.16098/j.issn.0529-1356.2020.05.020 Abstract ( )   PDF (10871KB) ( )   Objective To investigate the role of neurogenin 3 (Ngn3) gene in the differentiation of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUMSCs) into pancreatic progenitor cells and the effect on Mus musculus v-maf musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene family, protein A(MafA) expression.   Methods Isolated, cultured and identified the hUMSCs. Inducing the differentiation of hUMSCs into insulin-secreting cells in stages, and divided them into normal induction group, gene silencing group, and empty virus transfection group.The latter two groups were transfected with interfering virus and empty virus on the 7th day of induction.Detection of infection after puromycin screening was performed. After 21 days of induction,observed the changes of cell morphology by the inverted phase contrast microscope and electron microscope, then detecting the expression of insulin, glucagon and Ngn3 in each group of cells by immunocytochemical technique, detecting the changes of Ngn3 and MafA expression by Real-time PCR and Western blotting.   Results The hUMSCs were successfully isolated and cultured.The cells in the normal induction group and the empty virus transfection group were differentiated into pancreatic progenitor cells by stage induction, and Ngn3, Insulin, and glucagon were positively expressed, and secreted particles were observed under electron microscope. Successfully silenced the Ngn3 gene of the gene silencing group of cells, and the cells of this group showed negative expression of Ngn3, insulin and glucagon.Ngn3 and MafA decreased significantly in the gene silencing group (P<0.05).   Conclusion Ngn3 gene silencing blocked the differentiation of hUMSCs into insulin-secreting cells and suppressed the expression of MafA. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor δ on myosin heavy chain subtypes during the differentiation of primary mouse myoblasts JING Hai-jun ZHOU Bo-jiang 2020, 51 (5):  765-771.  doi: 10.16098/j.issn.05290-1356.2020.05.021 Abstract ( )   PDF (10211KB) ( )   Objective To study the effect of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor δ (PPARδ) on myosin heavy chain (MHC) subtypes during myoblast differentiation.  Methods Primary myoblasts from newborn mice were isolated, control group, PPAR delta agonist group and PPAR delta antagonist group were set up. Cell samples were collected at 2, 4 and 6 days of cell differentiation in each group. Identification of cell differentiation in each group was made by MHC immunofluorescence; The expression levels of MHC subtypes were detected by Real-time PCR; Western blotting was used to detect the MHC protein expression levels in each group.   Results The expression of myotube and MHC protein in PPARδ agonist group were higher than that in control group and PPARδ antagonist group. By comparing the four MHC subtypes treated with PPARδ agonist, it was found that: after 2 days of differentiation, the up-regulation of MHCⅠ and MHCⅡa was significant; After 4 days of differentiation, the up-regulation of MHCⅠ, MHCⅡa and MHCⅡx was significant, and the up-regulation of MHCⅡa was the largest; After 6 days of differentiation, the up-regulation of MHCⅠ and MHCⅡa was significant, and the up-regulation of MHCⅡa was the largest.   Conclusion PPARδ promotes mouse myoblast differentiation and significantly upregulates MHCⅡa expression during differentiation. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Anatomy

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Anatomical localization of the pelvic fascia neural network around the prostate on the cadavers ZHU Zai-sheng SHI Hong-qi ZHOU Peng-fei XU Li-zhen ZHU Yi-yi CHEN Jia-jun 2020, 51 (5):  778-783.  doi: 10.16098/j.issn.0529-1356.2020.05.023 Abstract ( )   PDF (6449KB) ( )   Objective To investigate the exact localization of neural pathway and the frequency of nerve fibers,which are located in the pelvic facial layers in the prostate and periprostatic regions.   Methods Six cadavers with normal pelvic structures were used in this trial. Ten tissue samples, each 1 cm ×1 cm in size, were obtained from each cadaver and zone division separately. The locations of these samples were as follows. Prostate tip (at the junction with the urethra of the membrane): zone 1 from 1 o’clock (apical region), zone 2 from 11 o’clock (apical region). Middle part of the prostate: zone 3 from 2 o’clock(lift far pelvic lateral), zone 4 from 10 o’clock (right far pelvic lateral), zone 5 from 4 o’clock, zone 6 from 8 o’clock, zone 7 from 5 o’clock, zone 8 from 7 o’clock. Base of the prostate (bladder neck junction): zone 9 from 6 o’clock (located on the posterior side of the prostate urethra), 12 o’clock in the 10th zone (located on the ventral side of the prostate).Nerve distribution, frequency and diameters of these 10 zones were compared to each other.   Results Sixty specimens were obtained from 6 cadavers. Mean number of nerve fibers was 13.4 ± 13.3. In the 10th zone (prostate basal ventral 12 o’clock), the number of nerves was less distributed (average 5.3 bundles), and there was no statistical significance between the zone 10 and the 6th zone (P>0.05), and the other 8 regions were statistically significant (P<0.05).The average diameter of the nerve fibers was (90.4 ± 61.8)μm, zone 1 of the prostate tip (1 o’clock, average 119.2 μm) and zone 3 of the middle (2 o’clock, average 101.3 μm) nerve fibers are thicker. Zone 1 and 4 at left side of the pelvis (10 o’clock, average 77.7 μm), zone 9 (6 o’clock, average 81.1 μm), and the 10 area at ventral base of the prostate(12 o’clock, average 79.4 μm) (P<0.04, separately) were statistically significant. There was also a statistical difference between the 4 zones (average 77.7 μm) and the contralateral 2 o’clock 3 zones (average 101.3 μm) (P<0.05); Balanced distribution in other regions (P>0.05).   Conclusion The distribution of nerve network in the pelvic fascia around the prostate: the number of nerve fibers in the ventral 12 o’clock region of the prostate is small, and the other regions are evenly distributed; The diameter of the nerve fibers is thicker toward the apex in the ventral region of the tip and the left and right are asymmetrically distributed. The pelvic fascia is a key anatomical landmark for the preservation of the nerve during radical prostatectomy. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Quantitative susceptibility mapping of early-stage Parkinson’s disease related brain structure#br# ZHUANG Han LIU Xue-ling QIN Chun-li WANG Hui LI Yu-xin LI Wen-sheng SHI Yong-hong 2020, 51 (5):  738-744.  doi: 10.16098/j.issn.0529-1356.2020.05.017 Abstract ( )   PDF (3464KB) ( )   Objective Using 3T T1 weighted magnetic resonance imaging and quantitative susceptibility mapping to analyse the early-stage Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients’volume and susceptibility value changes of deep gray matter nuclei, and to explore the significance of susceptibility values in diagnosis of early-stage PD, as well as observability of nigrosome-1 in this study.    Methods 3.0T MRI scans were performed in 30 early-stage PD patients and 27 age-, sex- and education matched healthy controls. Bilateral caudate, putamen, globus pallidus, substantia nigra and red nucleus were segmented. Their volumes and susceptibility values were calculated. SPSS 20.0 software was used to analyze the differences between the two groups. We also performed a logistic regression using the susceptibility values.   Results There was no difference in the standardized volume of the above nuclei between the early-stage PD patients and the healthy controls. The susceptibility values of the right globus pallidus, the left substantia nigra and the right substantia nigra (P<0.05) in the early-stage Parkinson’s disease group were significantly higher than those in the healthy controls. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve obtained by logistic regression using susceptibility values was 0.93. Nigrosome-1 was seen in 21 healthy controls and 1 early-stage PD patient.   Conclusion As a marker of early diagnosis of PD, the susceptibility value has high application value. Nigrosome-1 in most healthy controls can be displayed on quantitative susceptibility images, but more accurate studies of nigrosome-1 require quantitative susceptibility mapping at submillimeter resolution. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Neurobiology

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Effects of Xingshen Yizhi granule on the learning and memory ability and the expression of postsynaptic dense protein 95 and synapsin protein in the hippocampus of vascular dementia rats WU Shi-wei GUAN Jian-jun CHEN Yu 2020, 51 (5):  745-750.  doi: 10.16098/j.issn.0529-1356.2020.05.018 Abstract ( )   PDF (10021KB) ( )   Objective To study the effects of Xingshen Yizhi granule on the learning and memory ability and the expression of postsynaptic dense protein 95 (PSD95) and synapsin (SYN) protein in the hippocampus of vascular dementia (VD) rats.   Methods Totally forty-five SD rats were randomly divided into control group (n=15),VD group (n=15)and treatment group (n=15).VD rat model was established in the VD group and treatment group with modified intermittent ligation of common carotid artery, and the rats in the treatment group were treated with Xingshen Yizhi granule after membrane formation. The learning and memory ability of three groups of rats were tested by Morris water maze test. The expression of PSD95 and SYN in hippocampal CA1 was detected by immunohistochemical staining.   Results Compared with the control group SD rats, at day 1, day 3 and day 5 of the experiment, the escape latency of SD rats in VD group ［(58.3±17.9), (29.3±7.6) and (17.4±8.7)］ increased significantly［(58.3±17.9), (29.3±7.6) and (17.4±8.7)］. At week 1, week 4 and week 8, the expression of hippocampal PSD95 ［(28.25±5.09), (30.74±5.16) and (32.34±5.43)］ and SYN ［(12.70±6.20), (15.74±6.27) and (22.11±6.34］ protein  decreased significantly. Compared with the VD group, at day 1, day 3 and day 5 of the experiment, the escape latency of SD rats in the treatment group ［(55.7±17.1), (21.4±7.9) and (9.4±4.2)］ decreased significantly. At  week 1,  week 4 and week 8, the expression of hippocampal PSD95 in the treatment group ［(35.63±3.38), (37.84±3.57) and (39.53±3.67)］,SYN ［(25.75±5.79), (28.61±5.93) and (33.18±6.16)］ protein increased significantly. Compared with the control group, the expression of SYN and PSD95 in the hippocampus of the model group decreased significantly (P<0.05).Compared with the model group, the expression of SYN and PSD95 in the hippocampus of the treatment group was significantly higher(P<0.05), but it was still lower than that of the control group.    Conclusion Xingshen Yizhi granule can significantly improve learning and memory function and increase synaptic plasticity in VD rats. Its neuroprotective effect may be related to the increased expression of SYN and PSD95 in the hippocampus. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Anthropology

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Characteristics of skinfold thickness and circumference of six unidentified ethnic groups in the Tibeto-Burman ethnic groups SONG Qing-yang ZHENG Lian-bin XIANG Xiao-xue YU Ke-li ZHANG Xing-hua 2020, 51 (5):  784-791.  doi: 10.16098/j.issn.0529-1356.2020.05.024 Abstract ( )   PDF (1084KB) ( )   Objective To investigate the 13 skinfold and circumference characteristics of Muya, Ersu, Deng, Baima, Sherpas and Mosuo in Sichuan, Yunnan and Tibet, and to compare the differences in skinfold and circumference characteristics of these ethnic groups.   Methods The circumference and skinfold thickness of 1222 adults (576 males and 646 females) were measured using a tape measure and a sebum thickness meter, and the obtained data were processed using Excel 2007 and SPSS 17.0. And the data of the six ethnic groups are compared with the other seven ethnic groups in China.  Results With the increase of longitude, the subsubscapular skinfold and suprailiac skinfold of the male ethnic groups gradually increased. The suprailiac skinfold of the female ethnic groups increased with the increase of latitude. In the male ethnic groups, the subscapular skinfold, girth of chest and maximum biceps circumference of Muya, Ersu, Baima and Mosuo were larger. The subscapular skinfold and girth of chest of Sherpas were small, but maximum biceps circumference of Sherpas was larger. The subscapular skinfold, girth of chest and maximum biceps circumference of Deng were small. In female ethnic groups, the hip circumference and girth of upper arm of Muya, Ersu, Baima and Mosuo were larger, but the calf skinfold and subscapular skinfold were small. The hip circumference and girth of upper arm of Deng were small, but the calf skinfold and subscapular skinfold were larger. The hip circumference, girth of upper arm, the calf skinfold and subscapular skinfold of Sherpas were small.   Conclusion Through cluster analysis and principal component analysis, the skinfold and circumference characteristics of Muya and Ersu are close. The skinfold and circumference characteristics of Baima are close to Mosuo. The skinfold and circumference characteristics of Deng are close to Wa and Derung. The skinfold and circumference characteristics of Sherpas. are close to Monba and Lhoba. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Anatomy

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Relationship between fluctuating asymmetry of digit length and schizophrenia LU Hong WANG Lu HUO Zheng-hao ZHAO Jun-li DANG Jie MA Zhan-bing 2020, 51 (5):  792-795.  doi: 10.16098/j.issn.0529-1356.2020.05.025 Abstract ( )   PDF (889KB) ( )   Objective To investigate the relationship between the fluctuating asymmetry (FA) of digit length and schizophrenia in females from Ningxia Han nationality.  Methods The mean values and the differences of FA（2FA、3FA、4FA、5FA）and composite FA(CFA) of 292 individuals (controls:146; schizophrenia patients:146) were compared and analyzed by using anthropometry.   Results The result  showed the trend as 2FA > 4FA > 3FA > 5FA in both schizophrenia patients and controls; The mean values of each FA were higher in patients than those of in controls. There were significant differences in 2FA（P<0.01）, 3FA, 4FA（all P<0.05）between the two groups. In schizophrenia patients, the number in FA≥0.04 mm of 2FA was significantly higher（P<0.01）; There were no relationship between FA and the age at presentation of schizophrenia (P>0.05).   Conclusion FA of digit length, especially 2FA is correlated with schizophrenia in females from Ningxia Han nationality and may provide the important warning information for early diagnosis of the disease. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Anthropology

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Body characteristics of 14 unidentified ethnic groups in China XIANG Xiao-xue ZHENG Lian-bin SONG Qing-yang YU Ke-li ZHANG Xing-hua 2020, 51 (5):  802-808.  doi: 10.16098/j.issn.0529-1356.2020.05.027 Abstract ( )   PDF (1171KB) ( )   Objective To analyze the characteristics of body indicators of 14unidentified groups. Methods In 2006-2016, according to the  "Anthropometric Method",we investigated 8 body indicators of 2989 unidentified ethnic adults (1434 males and 1555 females) in Sichuan,Yunnan,Tibet,Guizhou,Hainan,Xinjiang,and Inner Mongolia,and we had calculated and analyzed the data. Results In the male ethnic groups,the stature and sitting height of Muya,Baima Lingao and Mosuo were taller,the cresta iliaca breadth of four ethnic groups were wider.Thestature,sitting height and length of upper linb of Mang and Kongge were smaller.The stature and sitting height of Tuva,Buryats and Mosuo were taller. In the female ethnic groups,the stature,sitting height and cresta iliaca breadth of Muya,Ersu,Baima,Lingao,Buryats and Mosuo were larger.The stature and sitting height of Bajia,Deng,Gejia,Mang and kongge were smaller. Stature,weight and other indicators were highly correlated with environmental factors such as latitude,annual average temperature and annualrainfall. Conclusion The body characteristics of Muya, Ersu, Baima and Mosuo are relatively close. The body characteristics of the Deng, Bajia and Gejia are relatively close. The Mang and Kongge have the closest body characteristics. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Skull characteristics in Tibetan youths based on magnetic resonance imaging ZHONG Hua WANG Zhan-fei BAI Peng ZHANG Hai-long REN Hai-long ZHANG Zhi-ying BAIMA Duo-ji SU Ming-ran WANG Yong-cun 2020, 51 (5):  796-801.  doi: 10.16098/j.issn.0529-1356.2020.05.026 Abstract ( )   PDF (4334KB) ( )   Objective To study the cranial characteristics of normal young people living in modern Tibetan.   Methods With the voluntary participation of Tibetan young people as the research object. Using Siemens MAGNETOM ESSENZA 1.5T Magnetic resonance scanner, and using 3D-fSPGR sequence scanning, effective investigation of 93 cases, age 18-44 years old, average age (28.52±8.76) years was carried out. There were 37 male cases and 56 female cases. Manual measurement of maximum cranial length, maximum cranial breadth and basi-bregma heigh, and calculation of cranial index, cranial length-height index Ⅰ, cranial breadth height index were obtained.   Results The difference between male and female maximum cranial length was statistically significant (t=7.304，P<0.01), the difference of maximum cranial breadth was statistically significant (t=5.780，P<0.01), and the difference of basi-bregma heigh was statistically significant (t=5.107，P<0.01). By Spearman correlation analysis, the female maximum cranial length was positively correlated with the age (r=0.264，P<0.05), and the cranial length-height index Ⅰ was negatively correlated with the age (r=-0.303，P<0.05).   Conclusion The cranial index of normal young people in modern Tibet is divided into male and female with brachycrany, male and female with hypsicrany of cranial length-height index I, the main cranial breadth-height index is dominant in male with tapeinocrany, female are dominated by metriocrany. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Cancer Biology

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Mechanism of citron rho-interacting serine/threonine kinase gene regulating adriamycin resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma cell line SK-Hep1 GUO Li ZHAO Hong ZHANG Jun-tao LIU Zhi-zhen GONG Tao YU Bao-feng 2020, 51 (5):  772-777.  doi: 10.16098/j.issn.0529-1356.2020.05.022 Abstract ( )   PDF (1707KB) ( )   Objective To investigate the regulatory effect of citron rho-interacting serine/threonine kinase (CIT) on drug resistance of adriamycin (ADM) resistant hepatocellular carcinoma cells and its mechanism.   Methods Random nonsense negative sequence (si-NC), CIT small interfering RNA (si-CIT) trasfected into SK-Hep1/ADM cells with liposomes. Real-time PCR, Western blotting were used to detect the expression of CIT, X linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP), B-cell lymphoma protein 2 (Bcl-2), Bcl-2 related X gene (Bax), cytochrome C (Cyt C), phosphatase gene induction putative kinase 1 (PINK1), autosomal recessive adolescent Parkinson’s disease pathogenic gene (Parkin) and autophagy microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 antibody Ⅰ/Ⅱ(LC3-Ⅰ/Ⅱ); Cell counting kit 8(CCK-8), flow cytometry, and fluorescence probe(JC-10) staining were used to detect cell inhibition rate, apoptosis and mitochondrial membrane potential.   Results The expression level of CIT in drug-resistant cells was significantly higher than that in normal cells. Knocking down CIT significantly increased the sensitivity to ADM. Knocking down CIT promoted drug-resistant cell apoptosis and mitochondrial autophagy, down-regulated cell mitochondrial membrane potential, and up-regulated Bax, Cyt C, and PINK1, Parkin,LC3-Ⅰ/Ⅱ, down-regulate XIAP, Bcl-2, Cyt C.   Conclusion CIT gene could regulate the drug resistance of adriamycin  resistant HCC cells through mitochondrial pathway apoptosis and autophagy. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Continuous sectional anatomy of the middle turbinate and 3D digital reconstruction#br# LUAN Ning AN Feng-yang SUN Jian-bin WANG Yu-hui LI Li-juan LUO Yan-lin LI Tao ZHU Li 2020, 51 (5):  637-643.  doi: 10.16098/j.issn.0529-1356.2020.05.001 Abstract ( )   PDF (8775KB) ( )    Objective To study the characteristics of continuous coronal sectional anatomy of middle turbinate combined with thin-layer CT scanning and 3D digital reconstruction, so as to provide the structural anatomical basis for the operation of nasal sinus from back to front.   Methods Four adult cadaver heads (8 sides) were scanned by spiral CT of the paranasal sinuses, and then dissected in continuous coronal section. The corresponding CT images were labeled to observe the morphological characteristics of the 3 parts of the middle turbinate and the corresponding relationship with CT images. The middle turbinate was reconstructed by 3D threedimensional digital reconstruction with thin slice CT of the paranasal sinuses.   Results The morphological characteristics of the middle turbinate were as follows: the free end of the horizontal part of the middle turbinate was spherical and attached to the lateral wall of the nasal cavity with plate-like structure; The plate-like structure was divided into anterior and posterior bone plates, the former was ethmoidal base plate, the latter was middle nasal methyl plate, and attached to the brain plate obliquely forward and upward; Between the ethmoidal base plate and the middle turbinate base was the anterior ethmoidal sinus; The vertical part of the middle turbinate was attached to the frontal nasal ridge and brain plate in a fan-shaped upward sagittal position from the horizontal part of the middle turbinate; The CT images of the three typical parts of the middle turbinate in the sectional anatomy of the coronal position were marked; The three-dimensional reconstruction of the middle turbinate is completed.  Conclusion The morphological changes of the posterior to anterior middle turbinate can be concluded from the observation of the sectional morphology of the coronal position, which provides the anatomical basis for the operation route from the posterior to the anterior. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Relationship between optic nerve and sinuses based on 3D reconstruction of head and neck CT angiography AN Feng-yang WANG Yu-hui SUN Jian-bin LI Li-juan TIAN Ge ZHU Li LUO Yan-lin 2020, 51 (5):  644-652.  doi: 10.16098/j.issn.0529-1356-2020.05.002 Abstract ( )   PDF (18485KB) ( )   Objective The structure adjacent to the optic nerve is complex. To this end, a three-dimensional optic nerve model is established to achieve the purpose of visually observing the optic nerve from multiple angles.  Methods Copy the head and neck CT angiography(CTA) and digitally and three-0dimensionally reconstruct the optic nerve, sphenoid sinus and posterior ethmoid sinus, and analyze the adjacent structure and classification of the optic nerve on the three-dimensional stereoscopic image.  Results Three-dimensional models of optic nerve, sphenoid sinus and posterior ethmoid sinus were obtained. According to the three-dimensional adjacent structure of the optic nerve, it is divided into three types, namely: sphenoid sinus type, ethmoid sinus type and sphenoid sinus type. The relationship between the sphenoid sinus and the ethmoid sinus gasification degree corresponding to the classification of the adjacent position of the optic nerve was analyzed.  Conclusion In the three-dimensional model, the adjacent structure of optic nerve(OPN) can be observed intuitively and comprehensively.  References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Automatic segmentation of facial nerve, labyrinthine and ossicles in temporal CT by deep learning KE Jia Lü Yi DU Ya-li WANG Jun-chen WANG Jiang SUN Shi-long MA Fu-rong 2020, 51 (5):  653-658.  doi: 10.16098/j.issn.0529-1356.2020.05.003 Abstract ( )   PDF (5389KB) ( )   Objective To study the effect of deep learning based on neural network on automatic segmentation of facial nerve, labyrinth and ossicles in temporal CT.  Methods The data of patients with conventional temporal bone CT examination were randomly divided into two groups, one was the training set (20 cases) and the other was the test set (5 cases). The structures of labyrinth, ossicles and facial nerve were segmented manually. The convolutional neural network 3D U-Net was selected as the neural network structure part in deep learning, and the average accuracy of the network was obtained through the training of the training set. The result  of automatic and manual segmentation of 3 above anatomical markers in 5 test sets were tested by two network model, and the accuracy of facial nerve, labyrinth and ossicles were obtained respectively. The accuracy was compared with that obtained by the other 3D convolutional neural network V-Net network model.  Results In the temporal CT, facial nerve, labyrinth and ossicles were used to train the automatic segmentation of 3D U-Net-plus and V-Net network respectively. In the training samples, the mean error of 3D U-Net-plus network was 0.016, and 0.035 by V-Net network, the difference was significant, P<0.05. The Dice similarity coefficient of labyrinth, ossicles and facial nerve with manual segmented images by 3D U-Net-plus neural network were 0.618±0.107, 0.584±0.089 and 0.313±0.069, and 0.322±0.089, 0.176±0.100 and 0.128± 0.077 by V-Net neural network. The segmentation effect of 3D U-Net-plus neural network was significantly better than that by V-Net network, P<0.001.  Conclusion Using 3D U-Net-plus neural network, the ossicles, labyrinth and facial nerves in the temporal CT can be recognized and automatics segmantation quickly and effectively. This method  is better than V-Net neural network. and more close to manuall segmentation. With the optimization of network structure and the expansion of learning samples, it will be closer to the effect of manual segmentation. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Anatomy of transposition of the temporalis muscle flap for skull base reconstruction LIU Quan SUN Xi-cai WANG Huan ZHANG Huan-kang YU Hong-meng WANG De-hui 2020, 51 (5):  659-663.  doi: 10.16098/j.issn.0529-1356.2020.05.004 Abstract ( )   PDF (5679KB) ( )   Objective To investigate surgical anatomy of transposition of the temporalis muscle flap(TMF) for skull base reconstruction.    Methods The dissection of the temporalis muscle flap was performed on six fresh cadaver heads (12 sides). The temporalis muscle was harvested through a traditional open approach. The length and width of the temporalis muscle flap were measured and the arterial supply of the temporalis muscle flap was also exposed. The temporalis muscle flap was transposed into the maxillary sinus and nasal cavity through the infratemporal fossa by an endoscopic transnasal transmaxillary approach. The simulate operation that the temporalis muscle flap was used to reconstruct the skull base defects was performed on six fresh cadaver heads.  Results The length of the temporalis muscle flap harvested from temporal line to the tip of the coronoid process of the mandible was (11.7±0.7)cm. Maximum width of the flap was (9.2±0.8)cm. The temporalis muscle flap could reconstruct the defects of cranial skull base, sellar and clivus.   Conclusion Transposition of the temporalis muscle flap via the infratemporal fossa is an alternative and effective method  for reconstruct the skull base after the endoscopic surgery. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Relationship between the anterior ethmoid artery and skull base in CT images and its significance in rhinosinusitis surgery SHI Mu-han WANG Min WU Yu-xiao LI Hui HUANG Shi-en Lü Zhi-gang 2020, 51 (5):  664-669.  doi: 10.16098/j.issn.0529-1356.2020.05.005 Abstract ( )   PDF (12880KB) ( )   Objective To investigate the anatomical relationship between the anterior ethmoid artery (AEA) and skull base and its significance in rhinosinusitis surgery.   Methods A retrospective study was conducted in 52 patients with sinusitis from January 2017 to August 2017. All patients underwent CT scan and the images were reconstructed. The distance between AEA and the skull base was measured and AEAs were classified. The distance from the AEA to the frontal beak was measured and its relationship with the AEA suspension was studied. The prevalence of supraorbital ethmoid cell (SOEC) was recorded the relationship between SOEC and AEA suspension was analyzed by Chi-square test. The depth of lateral lamella of the cribriform plate was measured and the Keros classification was used to classify the sinuses. Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient was used to analyze the relationship between Keros classification and AEA suspension.   Results The recognition rate of AEA in CT images was 100%. Type Ⅰ AEA was embedded in the skull, accounting for 42.3% (44/104). Type Ⅱ AEA protruded at the skull base, accounting for 18.3% (19/104). Type Ⅲ AEA was suspended in the ethmoid sinus, accounting for 39.4% (41/104), that is, the AEA suspension rate was 39.4%. The average distance to the skull base was （3.8 ± 1.5） mm. The average distance from AEA to beak was (14.1 ± 2.2) mm, and the difference of the distance in the AEA suspended and non-suspended groups was not statistically significant (t=0.740, P>0.05). In the Keros classification, type Ⅰ accounted for 51.9% (54/104), type Ⅱ for 37.5% (39/104), and type Ⅲ for 10.6% (11/104). The spearman correlation coefficient between Keros classification and AEA suspension was 0.505 (P<0.001), which meaned they were moderately positively related. The prevalence of SOEC was 17.3% (17/104). There was a statistically significant difference of AEA suspension rate between patients with SOEC and patients without SOEC(χ2=4.287, P<0.05).   Conclusion When SOEC is present or the level of Keros classification is high, the suspension rate of AEA increased significantly. Preoperative CT imaging can identify the anatomy of the skull base, and clarify the positional relationship between AEA and the skull base, and then reduce the risk of AEA injury during surgery. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Anatomic characteristics of round window in temporal bone high resolution CT and implications in cochlear implantation ZHANG Ke KE Jia TAO Li-yuan PAN Tao MA Fu-rong 2020, 51 (5):  670-676.  doi: 10.16098/j.issn.0529-1356.2020.05.006 Abstract ( )   PDF (9233KB) ( )    Objective To establish a method  based on high resolution X-ray computed tomography (HRCT) of the temporal bone for the measurement of anatomical features with round window (RW) as the core, in order to predict the RW accessibility to cochlear implantation (CI).   Methods The preoperative temporal bone HRCT and intraoperative RW accessibility of 60 patients who undergone CI surgery in the Peking University Third Hospital were retrospectively analyzed. Eight anatomical characteristic parameters with RW as the core in CT were measured and compared with the RW accessibility of CI respectively. SPSS 25.0 software was used for statistical analysis.   Results There was no statistical significance in the influence of the angle between the cochlea basal turn (BT) line- middle sagittal line, the cochlea BT line-external auditory canal (EAC) line, the EAC line-middle sagittal line, and the vertical distance between the facial nerve (FN) and the EAC line on the RW accessibility. The angle between the RW-FN connection line and the coronal line passing through the FN, the vertical distance between the RW and the line, the position relation between the extension line parallel to the EAC and the RW, and the position relation between the extension line and the FN on the RW accessibility was statistically significant.    Conclusion The difficulty of RW exposure in CI is correlated to smaller angle between the RW-FN connection line and the coronal line passing through the FN, and closer vertical distance between the RW and this coronal line. The RW accessibility can be predicted by the position relation between the extension line parallel to the EAC and the RW and the position relation between the extension line parallel to the EAC and the FN. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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A transoral endoscopic approach to locate the parapharyngeal segment of the internal carotid artery WANG Zhen-lin ZHANG Qiu-hang LIU Jun-qi QI Yan ZHANG Si-yuan HOU Si-yuan 2020, 51 (5):  677-681.  doi: 10.16098/j.issn.0529-1356.2020.05.007 Abstract ( )   PDF (6055KB) ( )   Objective To establish an anatomically-based method  for locating the parapharyngeal segment of the internal carotid artery (ICA) via transoral endoscopy.   Methods Applied anatomic study was performed in 4 fresh adult cadaver heads (8 sides) via transoral endoscopy to explore the infratemporal fossa/parapharyngeal space. The localization method  based on anatomic plane was subsequently used in 37 cases of tumor surgery in this area, with the operational accuracy evaluated.   Results Following dissection of the layers of pharyngeal constrictor, anterio fascia of the longus capitis and stylopharyngeal fascia, the junction of the latter two was identified as a potential landmark to locate the parapharyngeal ICA in surgery. Following practice on the patients, a success rate of 93.10% was achieved by using this method  for ICA localization.   Conclusion The parapharyngeal ICA localization method  based on anatomic plane is clinically reliabie. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Measurement of facial recess in children with cochlear implant by high resolution temporal bone CT WANG Yu WU Hai-bo PAN Tao 2020, 51 (5):  682-687.  doi: 10.16098/j.issn.0529-1356.2020.05.008 Abstract ( )   PDF (3132KB) ( )   Objective To study the anatomy of facial recess(FR) and the relationship between the position of FR and the round window niche(RWN) in children who need cochlear implant by high resolution temporal bone CT.   Methods Seventy-eight children (154 ears) with cochlear implant were analyzed with preoperative high-resolution temporal bone CT. The following parameters were measured at the RWN level of axial CT scan: 1. The distance between the facial nerve(FN) and the posterior wall of the external auditory canal (d1); 2. The distance between FN and RWN (d2); 3. The relative angle between FN and RWN (a); 4. The distance between the midpoint of FR and RWN (d3); 5. The relative angle between the midpoint of FR and RWN (b). The factors that might affect the anatomy of FR were recorded, including sex, age, and the anatomical variation on HRCT (such as the type of mastoid gasification, the position of sigmoid sinus and jugular bulb, the expansion of vestibular aqueduct). The correlation between the above factors and the measurements of FR was analyzed.   Results The distance d1 was (4.21±0.69) mm, the distance d2 was (5.95±0.62) mm, the angle a was (94.61±9.04)°, the distance d3 was (6.46±0.63) mm, the angle b was (113.47±7.83)°. The width of FR (d1) was affected by three factors: age, gender and anteversion of sigmoid sinus. The angle a and the angle b were affected by expansion of vestibular aqueduct.   Conclusion High resolution CT of temporal bone before cochlear implantation can show the important anatomical relationship of FR, and the measurements can be of clinical reference value for cochlear implant surgery. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Differential expression and significance of CXCL10 in eosinophilic and non-eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps#br# YAN Bing LIU Chang WANG Yang WANG Cheng-shuo ZHANG Luo 2020, 51 (5):  688-692.  doi: 10.16098/j.issn.0529-1356.2020.05.009 Abstract ( )   PDF (2563KB) ( )    Objective To evaluate the expression and significance of C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10) in eosinophilic and non-eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps.   Methods A retrospective analysis, with thirty-five adult CRSwNP patients enrolled in this study. Nasal biopsy was performed and tissue sample was stored at RNA later reagent. Real-time PCR assay was used to investigate the CXCL10 level in polyp tissues. HE staining was performed for histological assessment of CRSwNP. CRSwNP was divided into eosinophilic CRSwNP (ECRSwNP) and non-eosinophilic CRSwNP (nonECRSwNP) based on the percentage of infiltrated eosinophils. Spearman rank analysis was used to measure the correlation between the CXCL10 level and the percentage of inflammatory cells. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to assess the predictive value of the CXCL10 level.  Results The CXCL10 level in nasal tissue is significantly higher in nonECRSwNP than in ECRSwNP samples (P<0.05). The CXCL10 mRNA level was negatively correlated with the percentage of tissue eosinophils (P<0.05, r=-0.395) whereas positively correlated with the percentage of tissue plasma cells (P<0.05, r=0.389). The ROC curve and Youden index indicated that the optimal cut-off value of 0.026 for CXCL10 normalized to GAPDH (the housekeeping gene) could predict nonECRSwNP with 58.33% sensitivity and 100% specificity (area under the curve=0.76, P<0.01).   Conclusion The CXCL10 level in nasal tissue is significantly higher in nonECRSwNP than in ECRSwNP, indicating the CXCL10 level in nasal polyp tissue may serve as a biomarker to predict nonECRSwNP. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Imaging and audiological characteristics of patients with cochlear nerve dysplasia LU Zhao-yi PAN Tao WANG Yu 2020, 51 (5):  693-698.  doi: 10.16098/j.issn.0529-1356.2020.05.010 Abstract ( )   PDF (4637KB) ( )   Objective To investigate the imaging and audiological characteristics of patients with cochlear nerve dysplasia (CND), and the relationship between them.  Methods Seven patients undergoing unilateral cochlear implantation with abnormal cochlear nerve development were studied retrospectively. The patients were examined by audiology, high-resolution CT of temporal bone and MRI of internal auditory canal (IAC). The diameter of IAC and bony cochlear nerve canal (BCNC) were measured in temporal bone CT. The number of nerve bundles in IAC and the stenosis or absence of cochlear nerve were measured in the MRI of IAC, and inner ear　was checked whether there is deformity. The differences of hearing performance in different imaging manifestations were analyzed.  Results In the imaging findings, 7 cases all indicated cochlear nerve dysplasia. In temporal bone CT, 3 cases (5 ears) showed abnormal IAC, 6 cases (9 ears) showed stenosis or absence of BCNC. In the MRI findings, 7 cases (12 ears) showed stenosis or absence of the cochlear nerve. The number of nerve bundles in IAC varied from 0 to 3. In addition, 4 cases (8 ears) with different types of inner ear malformations were found by imaging examination. The audiological performance of 7 patients were severe or profound sensorineural hearing loss. There were no significant differences in the pure tone average threshold in different imaging manifestations. (including IAC, BCNC, number of nerve bundles, and whether combined with inner ear malformations) (P>0.05).  Conclusion The imaging features of CND include the abnormalities of the IAC and BCNC in temporal bone CT, the number of nerve bundles in IAC and abnormalities of the cochlear nerve in MRI. The audiogram usually shows severe or profound sensorineural hearing loss. There is no significant correlation between the imaging and audiological manifestations. There is a big challenge for cochlear implantation in such cases. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis the diagnosis maneuver of anterior semicircular canal benign positional paroxysmal vertigo and observation on the otolith movement using physical engine#br# YANG Xiao-kai 2020, 51 (5):  699-704.  doi: 10.16098/j.issn.0529-1356.2020.05.011 Abstract ( )   PDF (2597KB) ( )   Objective Analysis of the diagnosis maneuver of anterior semicircular canal benign positional paroxysmal vertigo(BPPV) and explore the diagnostic mechanism.   Methods The three-dimensional membrane labyrinth model was established in standard space coordinate system, and the otolith in different positions of the membranous labyrinth was set up. The otolith movement in different positions during the Dix-Hallpike maneuver and straight head-hanging test were analyzed based on the physical engine, and the induced nystagmus could be inferred.  Results During the Dix-Hallpike maneuver and straight head-hanging test, the otolith in all positions had a certain degree of movement, and it could induce otolith in the utricle to enter the semicircular canal through the common canal. The occurrence of down-beating nystagmus included the otolith enters the posterior semicircular canal from the utricle, the otolith in opposite posterior semicircular canal move towards the ampulla, the otolith in anterior semicircular canal slide from the bottom to the top of the cupula, and the latter still showed downbeating nystagmus in repeated diagnostic tests. The result  of 10 repetitions were consistent.  Conclusion The diagnostic criteria for anterior BPPV needs to be reassessed. It is necessary to observe the dynamic changes of nystagmus, and the diagnostic maneuver needs to be improved. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Observation and measurement of posterior circulation arteries in patients with sudden sensorinerual hearing loss under magnetic resonance angiography MA Yu DU Li 2020, 51 (5):  705-712.  doi: 10.16098/j.issn.0529-1356.2020.05.012 Abstract ( )   PDF (8238KB) ( )   Objective To study the patterns and diameters of posterior circulation in patients of sudden sensorinerual hearing loss(SSHL), and to provide anatomical evidence for the vascular etiology of SSHL.   Methods The craniocerebral images of 3.0T time of fly magnetic resonance angiography (3.0T TOF MRA) of 180 patients diagnosed with sudden deafness in one ear and 102 control patients were retrospectively analyzed. Clinical data including age and gender distribution, level of low-density lipoprotein(LDL), total cholesterol(TC), triglycerides(TG), fibrinogen and velocity of blood in basilar artery were compared. Subsequently, diameter and patterns of basilar artery, diameter and dominance of vertebral arteries, visible rate and diameters of anterior inferior cerebellar arteries (AICA), and diameter and patterns of P1 segment of posterior cerebral arteries(PCA) and posterior communication arteries（PCoA）were compared between the two groups. Statistical method  were used for analysis.   Results Clinical data showed that the proportion of increase (34.44%)and significantly increase(11.22%) of LDL level in peripheral blood of SSHL group were higher than that of the control group (15.69% and 4.9%), and the proportion of increase (24.44%)and significantly increase(11.11%) of TC level in peripheral blood of SSHL group were higher than that of the control group (19.6% and 2.94%). MRA imaging result  showed that the mean diameter of basilar artery in SSHL group(3.32±0.75 mm) was narrower than that in the control group (3.50±0.54 mm)(P<0.05);The imaging rate of only left AICA in SSHL group(10%) was lower than that in the control group (24.51%)(P<0.05);The invisible rate of bilateral AICA in SSHL group (38.89%) was higher than that in the control group (26.47%)( P<0.05);The overall distribution of AICA imaging status in two group was statistically significant(P<0.01). The mean diameter of imaged left side AICA in SSHL group (1.04±0.24) mm was narrower than that in the control group (1.16±03.28) mm (P<0.05). The mean diameter of left side P1 segment of PCA in SSHL group(1.27±0.54) mm was narrower than that in the control group (1.42±0.52)mm (P<0.05);The mean diameter of left right side P1 segment of PCA in SSHL group(1.25±0.58)mm was narrower than that in the control group (1.41±0.51) mm (P<0.05). The proportion of fetal posterior cerebral artery (fPCA) only on the left side of SSHL group(3.33%) was lower than that of the control group(9.8%)(P<0.05);The proportion of bilateral fPCA of SSHL group(13.89%) was higher than that of the control group(4.9%)(P<0.05);The difference in the overall distribution of the presence of fPCA between the two groups was statistically significant(P<0.01).   Conclusion There is stenosis of the basilar and branch arteries, due to a high level of low-density lipoprotein and cholesterol in patients of SSHL. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Applied anatomy of the maxillary sinus of the Macaca Thibetana YONG Liu-jun PENG Yun-lan HUANG Xin ZONG Xiao-rong WU Chao-qun ZHOU Liang SU Bin-yin 2020, 51 (5):  713-718.  doi: 10.16098/j.issn.0529-1356.2020.05.013 Abstract ( )   PDF (5678KB) ( )   Objective To provide morphological basis for the cl application of maxillary sinus in Macaca Thibetana.   Methods Twelve lateral maxillary sinuses of 6Macaca Thibetana were dissected, and the position and morphology of maxillary sinuses, sinus cavity, orbit, nasal cavity and oral cavity were observed and measured.    Results The maxillary sinus of macaca Thibetana was located in the maxilla.The posterior sinus was located behind the anterior sinus and the sinus cavity was small.The anterior sinus was similar to the human maxillary sinus,which was located on the upper part of the first premolar to the second molar and the corresponding bone palate,adjacent to the orbit, nasal cavity and oral cavity. The sinus cavity and the interorbital bone were relatively thin, connected by the nasolacrimal duct,whose diameter and length were (4.3±0.10) mm and (15.89±0.31) mm. There were large constant holes in the maxillary sinus between the sinus cavity and the nasal cavity, with the length of the holes (12.59±0.46) mm and the height (1.01±0.12)mm in the natural state. The hiatal height increased to (11.14±1.44)mm when the cavernous vascular ball was pulled upward, The thickest bone between the sinus cavity and the oral cavity was above the root tip of the first premolar, and the thickness was (6.20±0.20)mm, the thinnest bone was ab   ove the root tip of the second molar, and the thickness was (1.57±0.23)mm,and the lowest sinus floor was between the first and second molars. There was not statistically significant difference between the two sides of the same individual.    Conclusion The morphological and structural characteristics of maxillary sinus of macaca Thibetana are suitable to be used as an animal model for the study of maxillary sinus lesions, maxillary sinus elevation and dental implant in humans, The maxillary hiatus is the best site for the non-fenestration approach to the maxillary sinus floor. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Anatomy of endoscopic endonasal intraorbital surgery LIU Jian-feng ZHAO Jian-hui ZHAO Yu WANG Yi-bei CHEN Zhong-yan HAN Jun YANG Da-zhang 2020, 51 (5):  719-725.  doi: 10.16098/j.issn.0529-1356.2020.05.014 Abstract ( )   PDF (16685KB) ( )   Objective To identify the anatomic landmarks of endoscopic endonasal intraorbital approach, and to present two illustrative cases.   Methods Three silicon-injected adult cadaveric heads (6 sides) were dissected, using the endosopic surgical instruments to perform the endoscopic endonasal intraorbital approach and the Karl Storz Image1 system to record the entire process.  Results Important landmarks, such as the medial orbital wall, part of the inferior orbital floor, periorbita in the deep layer, and intraorbital fat in the superficial layer could be identified using this approach. Furthermore, medial rectus muscle, superior oblique muscle and inferior rectus muscle could also be recognized. Following dissecting the space between the medial rectus muscle and the inferior rectus muscle, the intraconal space could be accessed. After removing the intraconal fat, important vessels and nerves were identified, including the ophthalmic artery and its inferior medial muscular trunk, the optic nerve, and the branches of oculomotor nerve. One case was metallic intraorbital intraconal foreign body and the other one was cavernous hemangioma in the orbital apex involving the pterygopalatine fossa and infratemporal fossa. These two surgeries were both successfully performed, and the aims of the operation were all achieved. Both patients recovered well, and no postoperative complications  ccurred.  Conclusion An understanding of the landmarks of the intraorbital structures is paramount for surgically dealing with diseases located within or adjacent to this region. The endoscopic endonasal intraorbital approach is safe, effective and minimally invasive for appropriately selected cases. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Parapharyngeal space anatomy via endoscopy-assisted transoral approach#br# ZENG Zhen-gang XIAO Shui-fang JIA Jun-xiao WANG Cheng-yuan CHEN Jian 2020, 51 (5):  726-731.  doi: 10.16098/j.issn.0529-1356.2020.05.015 Abstract ( )   PDF (8647KB) ( )   Objective To observe the anatomical characteristics of the parapharyngeal space via endoscopy-assisted transoral approach.   Methods The dissection was performed on 5 fresh cadaver heads(10 sides),and the structure of the lateral pharyngeal space was observed via endoscopy-assisted transoral approach.  Results The superior constrictor muscle and the musculus medial pterygoid were the landmarks of the prestyloid space．Otherwise the critical marks which divided the parapharyngeal space into 2 parts were stylopharyngeus and styloglossus muscles．The internal carotid artery, the internal jugular vein and the posterior cranial nerves were laterally to the superior constrictor muscle，and meanwhile posterior to the stylopharyngeus and styloglossus muscles．The horizontal distances from the styloid process tip to the glossopharyngeal nerve, hypoglossal nerve and vagus nerve were measured as follows, respectively（3.05±0.08）mm（2.94-3.14 mm）,（2.94±0.04）mm（2.44-2.56 mm）,（1.50±0.03）mm（1.46-1.56 mm）; with the pharyngeal muscle of styloid process as the standard the result  showed that the glossopharyngeal nerve was close to the inner side of the muscle and the horizontal distance of hypoglossal nerve and vagus nerve were respectively（3.00±0.03）mm（2.96-3.04 mm）and（5.99±0.03）mm（5.94-6.04 mm）. During the anatomy, the accessry nerve was far away from styloid process and styloid process pharyngeal muscle, which could hardly be touched and measured during the operation.  Conclusion The parapharyngeal space can be well exposed by endoscopicassisted transoral approach. The superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle, internal pterygoid muscle, stylopharyngeus and styloglossus muscles are essential landmarks in tumor resection of the pharyngeal space via transoral approach．  References | Related Articles | Metrics

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History and progress of the paranasal sinuses and nasal-skull based surgical anatomy#br# XU Chi-yu ZHU Li LUO Yan-lin 2020, 51 (5):  732-737.  doi: 10.16098/j.issn.0529-1356.2020.05.016 Abstract ( )   PDF (858KB) ( )   Nowadays, the paranasal sinuses and nasal-skull base surgical technology is developed and updated continuously, which benefits from the progress of anatomy over the centuries. With the advancement of science, technology and medicine, the theory and technology of paranasal sinuses and nasalskull base surgical anatomy is still in rapid development. We reviews the long history and progress of paranasal sinuses and nasalskull base anatomy, and summarizes them from the field of gross anatomy, microscopic and endoscopic anatomy, imaging and virtual reality anatomy. References | Related Articles | Metrics