Objective  To explore the effect of gastrodin（GAS）on the polarization of M2 microglia under oxygen and glucose deprivation（OGD）and the effect of p38 MAPK inhibition on the polarization status of microglia.  Methods BV2 microglia was divided into the control group（Ctrl），p38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580 group（I），OGD group (OGD)，OGD+I group，gastrodin treatment group（G+OGD），and G+OGD+I group. The expressions of p38 MAPK，phosphorylated p38 MAPK（p-p38 MAPK）, M2 microglia marker arginase-1 (Arg-1) and chitinase like protein 1/2（YM1/2）were detected by immunofluorescent staining and Western blotting. Results  Immunofluorescent staining results showed that the pretreatment with gastrodin reduced the fluorescence expression of p-p38 MAPK in OGD induced BV2 microglia, enhanced the fluorescence expressions of Arg-1 and YM1/2. After pretreatment with SB203580，the fluorescence expressions of p-p38 MAPK further decreased，the fluorescence expressions of Arg1 and YM1/2 further increased，both were significantly different from the G+OGD group （ n=3，P<0.05）. The fluorescence expressions of p38 MAPK in each group was not statistically significant（ n=3，P>0.05）. Western blotting results showed that the protein expressions of p-p38 MAPK, Arg-1 and YM1/2 in the OGD group enhanced，compared with that in the control group（ n=3，P<0.05）. After the pretreatment with gastrodin，the protein expression of p-p38 MAPK was reduced significantly，the protein expressions of Arg-1 and YM1/2 was enhanced obviously，both were significantly different from the OGD group （ n=3，P<0.05）. After pretreatment with SB203580，the protein expressions of p-p38 MAPK was further reduced，the protein expression of Arg-1 and YM1/2 were further enhanced，both were significantly different from the G+OGD group（ n=3，P<0.05）. In addition，there was no significant change in p38 MAPK protein expression among groups （ n=3，P>0.05）.  Conclusion  Gastrodin inhibits p38 MAPK signaling activation to promote BV2 microglial polarization towards the M2 phenotype，reducing inflammatory responses and exerting a protective effect. 

Objective  To investigate the infiltration of peripheral monocyte in the hippocampal CA3 area in neuralgia mice at different time points and explore the effects of the infiltration on neuralgia and the neuralgia-induced anxiety-like behavior in mice. Methods  The healthy male C57 mice were randomly divided into four groups: sham, sciatic nerve branch selective injury（SNI）model （SNI）, CCR2 inhibitor RS102895 (SNI + RS102895) and microglial inhibitor minocycline (MC) (SNI + MC) groups. Both the sham and SNI groups were further divided into 7 days, 14 days and 18 days groups, and the SNI + RS102895 and SNI + MC groups were sampled on the 18th day. Neuralgia was induced by SNI, and mechanical hyperalgesia was assessed by paw withdrawal threshold (PWTs) at different time points. Elevated plus maze (EPM) and open field test (OFT) were performed respectively two days and one day before sacrifice. Immunofluorescence was used to observe the expressions of leukocyte differentiation antigen 45 (CD45) and the co-expression with microglial markers ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule-1(IBA-1), transmembrane protein 119 (TMEM119), astrocyte marker glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and neuronal marker neuronal nuclei (NeuN) in the hippocampal CA3. The percentage of monocytes in the whole brain of 14 days SNI mice was determined by flow cytometry. Minocycline at 90 mg/(kg·d),  RS102895 at 5 mg/(kg·d) and saline were administered orally on the 5th to 16th day in the corresponding 18 days groups, and the effects of blocking monocyte infiltration on neuralgia and anxiety-like behavior and the expressions of CD45 and IBA-1 in CA3 region of hippocampus were observed.  Results  On the first day after SNI, the PWTs of mice in the 7 days and 14 days groups decreased and continued until before sacrifice( P< 0.01). The CD45 expression did little in the 7 days sham group. Compared with the sham group at the same time point, the CD45 expression did not increase in 7 days SNI mice (P>0.05) and increased significantly in 14 days SNI mice ( P <0.01), only slightly co-expressed with IBA-1 and TMEM119 and no co-expression with GFAP and NeuN, the percentage of monocytes in the whole brain increased significantly in 14 days SNI mice ( P<0.01). Inhibition of microglial activation or CCR2 expression reduced the expression of CD45 in the CA3 in SNI mice (P <0.01), increased the PWTs ( P <0.01) and alleviated anxiety-like behavior in SNI mice (P<0.01).  Conclusion  There was an infiltration of peripheral monocytes in the hippocampal CA3 region after 14 days of SNI-induced neuralgia, which might be involved in the maintenance of neuralgia and the development of neuralgia-induced anxiety-like behaviors. 

Objective  To investigate the activated phenotype and the expression of the receptor of advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE) of astrocytes after hypoxicischemic brain damage(HIBD) in neonatal rats and the effects of gastrodin (GAS) intervention on them. Methods Totally 48 neonatal 3 days SD rats were used to construct HIBD model and randomly divided into sham group, HIBD group and HIBD+GAS group(100 mg/kg), and the expressions of A1 type astrocyte marker C3, A2 type astrocyte marker S100A10, RAGE, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF), and insulin-like growth factor(IGF-1) in the corpus callosum of the ischemic side were detected by Western blotting and immunohistochemical staining on day 1 and day 3 after HIBD.TNC-1 cells were divided into control group, oxygen glucose deprivation(OGD) group, OGD+GAS (0.34mmol/L) group and GAS group, and then the protein expressions of RAGE, TNF-α, BDNF and IGF-1 were detected by Western blotting and immunofluorescence. Results  In vivo, Western blotting showed that compared with the sham group, the protein expression levels of C3, S100A10, RAGE, TNF-α and IGF-1 in the 1 day and 3 days groups after HIBD group in 1 day group were significantly higher than those in the sham group (P <0.05), but the protein expression level of BDNF decreased in 1 day group and increased in 3 days group (P <0.05). Compared with the HIBD group, the C3, RAGE and TNF-α protein expression levels were significantly attenuated in the HIBD+GAS group (P <0.05), and the protein expression levels of BDNF and IGF-1 further increased(P<0.05). The protein expression of S100A10 in the 3 days group was higher than that in the HIBD group after GAS treatment (P<0.05). The immunohistochemical staining results of C3, S100A10, and RAGE in the 1 day and 3 days groups after HIBD were consistent with Western blotting results. Furthermore, the protein expressions of RAGE and TNF-α were significantly enhanced in OGD-stimulated astrocytes (P<0.05). After GAS intervention, while the expressions of both RAGE and TNF-α decreased significantly (P<0.05), the expressions of BDNF and IGF-1 increased significantly (P<0.05). Conclusion  With inhibiting the up-regulation of RAGE signal in astrocyte after HIBD and expressions of A1 astrocyte and neuroinflammatory factors, gastrodin can promot the expressions of A2 astrocyte and nutritional factors, which play an important role in neuro-protective effect. 

Objective To investigate the differentiation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells after neural injury utilizing Sox10 cell lineage tracing in the cortical tissue. Methods  C57BL/6 mice and Sox10-CreERT2/red fluorescent protein(RFP) model mice were used in the current study. The Sox10-CreERT2/RFP model mice generated by crossing Sox10-CreERT2 and Ai9 were 8-week-old F1 mice (n =16), which were randomly divided into control group (n =4) and 7 days (n =4), 14 days (n =4), and 30 days feed groups (n =4). Tamoxifen(TAM) was used to induce the expression of RFP. The control group received tamoxifen dissolved in sunflower seed oil by gavage (40 mg/kg once daily for three consecutive days) and the brain tissues were obtained after 4 days. The feed group mice were fed with tamoxifen-containing feed to induce RFP expression, and the brain tissues were obtained after 7, 14, and 30 days, respectively. Immunofluorescent staining was performed to detect the expressions of neuronal nuclei (NeuN), microtubuleassociated protein 2 (MAP2), phosphorylated histone 2AX (γ-H2AX), cluster of differentiation 13 (CD13), γaminobutyric acid (GABA), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), cluster of differentiation 11b (CD11b), vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (VGLUT2), and adenomatous polyposis coli (APC, CC-1) in the brains of each group mice. The number of positive cells was counted, and the proportion was calculated. Eight-week-old male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into wild type(WT) group (n =4) and WT+TAM group (n =4). They were fed with regular feed and tamoxifencontaining feed for 30 days, respectively, and then brain tissues were obtained. Immunofluorescent double-labeling was used to detect the expressions of γ-H2AX positive neurons in the cortex of mice in both groups.   Results  In the control group, feed 7 days,14 days, and 30 days groups, the proportions of RFP⁺ pericytes among all RFP⁺ cells in the cortical tissue were (0.8±0.1)%, (2.7±0.1)%, (3.2±0.1)%, (4.0 ±0.1)%, respectively, and the proportion of mature oligodendrocytes (CC-1⁺ RFP⁺) in the feed 7 days group was (51.2±0.7)%. The proportions of RFPpositive neurons in the cortex after 14 and 30 days of tamoxifen feed were (0.7±0.1)% and (1.5±0.1)%, respectively, while no conversion to RFP-positive neurons was observed in the gavage group and 7 days feed group. RFP cells in the cortex of the 7 days or 30 days feed group did not express GFAP or CD11b. Extensive γ-H2AX⁺ NeuN⁺ staining was observed in the WT group and WT+TAM group. Conclusion  Long-term administration of tamoxifen can promote the differentiation of Sox10 cells into pericytes and neurons. Further investigation into the role of OPC in the neurovascular unit repair mechanism may contribute to a better understanding of the pathogenesis underlying AD. 

Objective  To investigate the mechanism of neuronal apoptosis induced by cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion（CI/R）injury in rats.  Methods  Totally 45 male SD rats were divided into 3 groups by random number method, sham operation group (sham), model group (CI/R), COX-2 inhibitor group (NS-398). Blocking the middle cerebral artery to create a model, at the beginning of ischemia, NS-398 group was intraperitoneally injected with NS-398（20 mg/kg）, while sham group and CI/R group were injected with the same amount of DMSO. Rats were performed for neurofunctional scores after 2 hours ischemia. After 24 hours reperfusion, 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining was used to detect the infarct volume of rats. Meanwhile, cerebral tissue from penumbra area of frontal parietal cortex on ischemic side was taken, Nissl staining and TUNEL method were used to detect neuronal damage and apoptosis respectively, and finally Western blotting was used to detect the expression levels of COX-2,Bcl-2 and Bax proteins.  Results  The neurofunctional scores of rats, cerebral infarction volume, apoptosis index, the expressions of COX-2 and Bax in CI/R group were higher than those in the sham group (P<0.05)，the expression level of Bcl-2 and the number of neurons were lower than those in the sham group (P <0.05); The neurofunctional scores of rats, cerebral infarction volume, apoptosis index, the expression levels of COX-2 and Bax in NS-398 group were lower than those in CI/R group (P<0.05), the expression level of Bcl-2 and the number of neurons were higher than those in CI/R group (P<0.05).  Conclusion  COX-2 may promote neuronal apoptosis after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury by regulating the expressions of Bcl-2 and Bax. 

Objective  To investigate the effects of inhibition of chemokine C-X-C motif receptor 7(CXCR7) expression on the proliferation, migration, differentiation and mitochondrial function of human urine-derived stem cells(USCs) under hypoxia.  Methods  CXCR7 expression was inhibited by siCXCR7 and detected by Real-time PCR and Western blotting in hypoxia group treated with 3%O2 for 48 hours. Cell proliferation was detected by clonal formation assay and cell growth curve. Cell migration ability was detected by scratch assay and Transwell assay. Alkaline phosphatase, alizarin red, oil red O and alcian blue staining were used to detect the multidirectional differentiation ability of cells. Mitochondrial function was evaluated by JC-1 fluorescent probe, adenosine triphosphate(ATP) and reactive oxygen species(ROS). Results  Compared with the normal oxygen group, the expression of CXCR7 in USCs in hypoxia group was significantly up-regulated, and hypoxia promoted the proliferation, migration and clonogenesis of USCs. SiCXCR7 inhibited the expression of CXCR7 and inhibited the effects of hypoxia on the proliferation, migration and clonogenesis of USCs, but had no effect on cell differentiation. Hypoxia treatment increased mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP levels, and decreased the production of reactive oxygen species, while CXCR7 inhibition decreased mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP production. Conclusion  Hypoxia may enhance mitochondrial function of USCs through the CXCR7 signaling pathway, thereby promoting cell proliferation and migration.

Objective  On the basis of preliminary evidence that microRNA(miR)-181b-5p inhibits osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs), the regulatory mechanism was further explored. Methods  Isolation, culture and identification of BMMSCs from the bone marrow of five healthy adults. The targeting relationship between miR-181b-5p and Sprouty 4(SPRY4) was investigated by bioinformatics software prediction, double luciferase reporter gene detection, Real-time PCR and Western blotting experiments. BMMSCs were divided into three groups, miR-181b-5p overexpression negative control group; miR-181b-5p overexpression group; miR-181b-5p overexpression +SPRY4 silenced group. Alkaline phosphatase(ALP) staining and ALP activity analysis were used to determine the effect of early osteogenic differentiation. The precipitation of calcium nodules was detected by alizarin red staining. The mRNA and protein expression levels of osteogenic differentiation marker genes were detected by Real-time PCR and Western blotting.  Results  BMMSCs were successfully isolated and identified. MiR-181b-5p specifically binds to the 3’UTR of SPRY4 mRNA. After overexpression of miR-181b-5p, the expression of SPRY4 protein level was significantly down-regulated, but there was no significant change in mRNA level. Knocking down the target gene SPRY4 blocked the effect of miR-181b-5p inhibitors on promoting osteogenic differentiation of cells. Conclusion  MiR-181b-5p inhibits osteogenic differentiation of BMMSCs by downregulating SPRY4 protein. 

Objective  To construct a three-dimensional statistical shape model of the pelvis and analyze the individual variation and gender differences of the three-dimensional shape of the pelvis. Methods  We collected CT data from 201 Chinese individuals and used deep learning to automatically reconstruct three-dimensional models of the pelvis. Through three-dimensional model registration, dense correspondence mesh mapping, and the use of statistical shape modelling (SSM) and principal component (PC) analysis method, we extracted models of variations (MoV) of pelvic shape changes and statistically compared the shape MoV between males and females. Results  We analysed the top 10 principal components of shape variations, which accounted for 86.1% of the total variability. Among them, PC01, PC02, and PC04 showed significant differences between genders (P <0.001), accounting for a total variability of 60.1%. PC08 and PC10 demonstrated pelvic asymmetry, accounting for a total variability of 3.8%. Conclusion  We constructed a three-dimensional statistical shape model of the pelvis in Chinese individuals, revealing the morphological variation and sex differences of Chinese pelvis.  

Objective  To establish a normal three-dimensional model of the hip bone in adolescents aged 10-19 years old, analyze the morphology and positional parameters of the posterior superior iliac spine of the hip bone among different genders, sides, and ages, which can supplement the study of the anatomical morphology of the hip bone and to provide a reference for the diagnosis of the clinically relevant diseases and for the therapeutic manipulation and localization of the hip bone.  Methods  Forty adolescent patients aged 10-19 years without previous spinal pelvic diseases were selected, and the pelvic CT image data were collected and imported into Mimics 21.0 software to establish the model. The relative position parameters of the posterior superior iliac spine and the surrounding anatomical landmarks included the length from the posterior superior iliac spine to the anterior superior iliac spine (ab), the length from the tip of the posterior superior iliac spine to the sciatica (ac), the length from the tip of the posterior superior iliac spine to the pubic tubercle (ae), the length from the tip of the posterior superior iliac spine to the midpoint of the posterior margin of the auricular joint surfaces (af), the length from the tip of the posterior superior iliac spine to the iliac spine turn (ag), and the length from the sciatica tubercle to the highest point of the iliac spine (cd). The local parameters of the posterior superior iliac spine included the width (W0) and the thickness (H0) at point A. The maximum width of the posterior iliac spine (WMAX), its distance from point a (D0), and the width of the iliac spine were measured at 0.5, 1, and 1.5 cm from point a, and were recorded sequentially as W1, W2, and W3. The width of the iliac spine at the turn of the iliac spine (point g) was measured (W4). The relative positions and parameters of the posterior superior iliac spine to the surrounding anatomical landmarks and the localized parameters of the posterior superior iliac spine were compared sequentially for different genders, sides, and age groups.  Results  In the measurement result  of the parameters of the posterior superior iliac spine and the surrounding anatomical landmarks, the differences in the comparisons between different genders of the ac, ae, and af indexes were statistically significant (P<0.05), and the differences in the comparisons between different genders of the ab, ag, and cd indexes were not statistically significant (P >0.05). The differences in the comparisons between the right and left sides of the ab, ac, ae, af, ag, and cd indexes were not statistically significant (P>0.05). The difference in comparison between different age groups of ab, ac, ae, af, ag, and cd indicators was statistically significant (P<0.05). In the measurement result  of the local parameters of the posterior superior iliac spine, the difference in the comparison between the sexes of the W0, W1, W2, WMAX, and H0 indexes was statistically significant (P<0.05), and the difference in the comparison between the sexes of the W3, W4, and D0 indexes was not statistically significant (P>0.05); And the difference in the comparison between the left and right sides of the W0, W1, W2, and the right and left sides of the W3, W4, WMAX, D0, and H0 indexes was not statistically significant (P>0.05); The difference between W0, W1, W2,W3, W4, WMAX, D0, H0 indicators compared between different age groups was not statistically significant (P>0.05). Conclusion  Adolescent females have overall greater pelvic parameters than males, with wider and thicker tips of the posterior superior iliac spine in females and narrower and thinner tips of the posterior superior iliac spine in males; Pelvic parameters show a tendency to increase with age, while the width and thickness of the posterior superior iliac spine, as well as the width of the cephalic end to the iliac spine remain essentially unchanged.

Objective  To measure the distance between the lateral compression Ⅱ (LC-Ⅱ) screw guide needle and the surrounding important structures around the anterior inferior iliac spine in pelvic fractures and to locate the needle point, so as to provide anatomical reference for clinical nail placement. Methods  Totally 40 adult gross specimens of embalming were implanted with LC-Ⅱ screw guide needle under the surveillance of C-arm machine, and the specimens were dissected. The shortest distance between the insertion point and the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve, femoral nerve, femoral artery, femoral vein, anterior superior iliac spine and inguinal ligament was measured. The triangle was constructed between the insertion point, anterior superior iliac spine and inguinal ligament, and the exact location of the entry point was calculated. Results  The average distance between the insertion point of the male needle and the femoral vein was（50.67±7.29）mm> the anterior superior iliac spine (43.83±7.58) mm> the femoral artery (38.35±6.63) mm> the femoral nerve (31.17±1.67) mm= the inguinal ligament (28.69±6.59) mm> the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve (7.98±3.81) mm. The mean distance between the insertion point of the female needle and the anterior superior iliac spine was (45.28±7.07) mm= femoral vein (43.72±6.89) mm> femoral artery (33.76±6.33) mm> femoral nerve (25.66±6.46) mm= inguinal ligament (23.22±5.00) mm> lateral femoral cutaneous nerve (8.97±4.76) mm. The projection distance of the entry point was 31.77mm for men and 38.41mm for women. The Angle b was 42.81°for men and 31.71°for women. Conclusion  The lateral femoral cutaneous nerve is most vulnerable to injury when LC-Ⅱ screw is inserted, and the risk of injury has nothing to do with sex. The insertion point positioning method  a and b made LC-Ⅱ screw placement quickly, safely and accurately, and reduced fluoroscopy time and frequency. 

 Human brain banks use a standardized protocol to collect, process and store post-mortem human brains and related tissues, along with relevant clinical information, and to provide the tissue samples and data as a resource to foster neuroscience research according to a standardized operating protocols (SOP). Human brain bank serves as the foundation for neuroscience research and the diagnosis of neurological disorders, highlighting the crucial rule of ensuring the consistency of standardized quality for brain tissue samples. The first version of SOP in 2017 was published by the China Human Brain Bank Consortium. As members increases from different regions in China, a revised SOP was drafted by experts from the China Human Brain Bank Consortium to meet the growing demands for neuroscience research. The revised SOP places a strong emphasis on ethical standards, incorporates neuropathological evaluation of brain regions, and provides clarity on spinal cord sampling and pathological assessment. Notable enhancements in this updated version of the SOP include reinforced ethical guidelines, inclusion of matching controls in recruitment, and expansion of brain regions to be sampled for neuropathological evaluation.

Objective  To explore the mechanism of inhibiting a disintegrin and metalloprotease 8 (ADAM8) expression on inflammatory damage in alcoholic liver fibrosis mice. Methods  C57BL/6N male mice were randomly divided into the control group, the alcohol group, and the plasmid group, with 10 mice in each group. The alcohol group and plasmid group were fed alcohol liquid feed on a daily basis and gavaged with 31.5% ethanol (5g/kg, twice a week); The control group was fed control liquid feed and gavaged with an equal amount of saline. The plasmid group was injected with the effective plasmid ADAM8-small guide RNA3(sgRNA3)(2g/kg, twice a week) to inhibit the ADAM8 gene through the tail vein, while the alcohol group was injected with an equal amount of saline through the tail vein for 8 weeks to induce alcoholic liver fibrosis. After eyeball blood collection, the mice were euthanized，and their liver was separated and extracted. Sirius red and HE staining were employed to assess liver fibrosis and damage; Western blotting was used to determine the expression of α-smooth muscle actin(α-SMA), collagenⅠ, and ADAM8; Real-time PCR was used to measure the expression of ADAM8 mRNA; the expression of ADAM8, transforming growth factor-β1(TGF-β1), p-p38 MAPK and heat shock protein 27(HSP27) proteins was detected by Western blotting, Biochemical detection were used to detect alanine aminotransferase(ALT) and aspartate transaminase(AST) activity; tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α) and interleukin-1(IL-1) levels were determined by ELISA. Results  The alcohol group had increased collagen fiber volume fraction, liver injury scores, and positive area rates of α-SMA and collagenⅠ; the expression of ADAM8 mRNA and ADAM8 protein increased, with increased positive area rate; and levels of AST, ALT, TNF-α, and IL-1 were higher, along with increased expression of TGF-β1, p-p38MAPK, and HSP27 proteins. In the plasmid group, the collagen fiber volume fraction, liver injury scores, and positive area rates of α-SMA and collagenⅠ was reduced; the expression of ADAM8 mRNA and protein was reduced, with decreased positive area rate, and levels of AST, ALT, TNF-α, and IL-1 were lower, along with reduced expression of TGF-β1, p-p38MAPK, and HSP27 proteins.  Conclusion  Downregulation of ADAM8 expression can alleviate inflammatory damage by inhibiting TGF-β1/p38MAPK signaling pathway to improve alcoholic liver fibrosis in mice. 

Objective To construct a mouse model of alcoholic liver fibrosis and explore the effect of supplementing exogenous thyroid hormone T3 on oxidative stress in liver. Methods  Eighty mice were randomly divided into 6 groups, normal control group, alcoholic liver fibrosis(ALF) model group, and low concentration T3 intervention group (25 μg/kg), medium concentration T3 intervention group (50 μg/kg), high concentration T3 intervention group (100 μg/kg) and T3 control group (the concentration of T3 is 100 μg/kg). A model of mice alcoholic liver fibrosis was established by using alcoholic liquid feed combined with 31.5% ethanol gavage. From the sixth week, mice in the T3 intervention and T3 control group were injected with corresponding concentrations of T3 intraperitoneally for three weeks. Mice in the control and T3 control groups were fed with control liquid feed. The degree of mice liver injury and fibrosis was evaluated through the sirius red staining, Western blotting, and serum biochemical testing. The activity of superoxide dismutase(SOD), the content of glutathione(GSH) and malondialdehyde(MDA) in liver tissue were detected by ELISA, and the protein expressions of microtubule-associated protein light chain 3-Ⅱ(LC3-Ⅱ) and p62 were detected by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. Results  The liver structure and function in the ALF group were severely damaged, autophagy was inhibited, and the oxidative stress response was significantly enhanced compared with the control group. Compared with the ALF group, the recovery of liver functional and structure and autophagy were showed in the T3 intervention group, and SOD activity and GSH content in the liver increased in the low and medium concentrations of T3 intervention groups, while MDA content significantly decreased. In the high concentration T3 intervention group, it showed the same increase in SOD activity, a significant decrease in MDA content, while the content of GSH was lower than that in the control group, which was not different with the ALF group. Conclusion  Appropriate supplementation of T3 could affect the occurrence and development of alcoholic liver fibrosis by restoring the liver autophagy to inhibit the oxidative stress response. 

 Objective To investigate the effects of microRNA (miR)-145 delivered by exosomes (Exo) on platelet activation and vascular endothelial function in rats with coronary atherosclerotic heart disease (CAHD).  Methods   HEK239 cells were transfected with miR-negative control(NC) and miR-145, and the transfection effect was detected by Realtime PCR. Exo was isolated from HEK239 cells transfected with miRNA-NC and miR-145. The morphology and size distribution were observed by transmission electron microscopy. The expressions of CD81, heat shock protein 70（HSP70）and tumor susceptibility gene 101（TSG101）were detected by Western blotting. The experiment included control group, model group, miR-NC Exo group and miR-145 Exo group, with 8 rats in each group. After treatment, the ejection fraction (EF), fractional shortening rate (FS), left ventricular enddiastolic diameter (LVIDD) and left ventricular end-systolic diameter (LVIDS) of rats were determined by ultrasonic diagnostic instrument. HE staining was performed to observe the pathological changes of myocardial tissue and aortic tissue, and ELISA was used to determine serum platelet activating factor (PAF), β-platelet globulin (β-TG), platelet membrane glycoprotein Ⅱa/Ⅲb (GPⅡa/Ⅲb), nitric oxide (NO), endothelin-1 (ET-1) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Immunohistochemical staining was used to detect the expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in aorta tissue.  Results  The relative expression level of miR-145 in HEK239 cells transfected with miR-145 was significantly higher than that in untransfected and transfected miR-NC cells (P <0.05). The isolated particles showed typical cup-shaped or disk-shaped vesicles, most of which were distributed at 100 nm in diameter. CD81, HSP70 and TSG101 proteins were highly expressed, and the relative expression level of miR-145 in Exo transfected with miR-NC was significantly lower than that in Exo transfected with miR-145 (P <0.05). Compared with the miR-NC Exo group, EF and FS of miR-145 Exo group increased significantly(P <0.05), while LVIDD and LVIDS decreased significantly(P <0.05), and the pathological changes of myocardial tissue and aortic tissue were better improved. The contents of PAF, β-TG, GPⅡa/Ⅲb, ET-1 and VEGF in serum were further significantly decreased (P <0.05), while the content of NO was also significantly increased (P <0.05), and the positive expression rate of eNOS in aortic tissue was further significantly increased (P <0.05).  Conclusion  MiR-145 delivered by Exo could inhibit platelet activation and improve vascular endothelial function in coronary heart disease model rats, and plays a protective role in coronary heart disease model rats. 

Objective  To investigate the impact of matrine (Mat) on renal injury in rats with chronic glomerulonephritis by regulating the monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1)/chemokine C-C-motif receptor 2 (CCR2) signaling pathway. Methods  The rat model of chronic glomerulonephritis was established by subcutaneous injection of bovine serum albumin, the rats were randomly grouped into control group, model group, low and high dose matrine groups (Mat-L group, Mat-H group), and matrine+CCR2 group (Mat+CCR2 group), with 10 rats in each group. After continuous gavage for 4 weeks, 24-hour urine protein excretion was measured; spleen and thymus were removed and organ index was calculated; The levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine(Scr) in the serum of each group were detected, the pathological changes of renal tissue were observed by HE staining; the levels of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-6 in renal tissue were detected by ELISA; Flow cytometry was applied to detect the proportion of T lymphocyte subsets in peripheral blood of rats in each group; Western blotting was applied to determine the expression of MCP-1 and CCR2 proteins.  Results  The spleen index and thymus index of rats in the model group rats were obviously reduced, and there were a large number of inflammatory cell infiltration in the renal tissue, the 24-hour urine protein, BUN, Scr, TNF-α, IL-6, and the expression of MCP-1 and CCR2 obviously increased, the peripheral blood T cell subpopulations CD3⁺, CD4⁺, and CD4⁺/CD8⁺ ratio obviously reduced, the proportion of CD8⁺ obviously increased (P<0.05); The spleen index and thymus index of rats in the Mat-L and Mat-H groups of rats increased, and the phenomenon of renal tissue inflammation and infiltration improved, the 24-hour urine protein, BUN, Scr, TNF-α, IL-6, and the expression of MCP-1 and CCR2 obviously decreased, the peripheral blood T cell subpopulations CD3⁺, CD4⁺, and CD4⁺/CD8⁺ ratio obviously increased, the proportion of CD8⁺ obviously decreased (P<0.05); CCR2 attenuated the effect of Mat-H on immune function in rats with chronic glomerulonephritis.  Conclusion  Matrine can alleviate the inflammatory damage and improve the peripheral immune function of rats with chronic glomerulonephritis, and its mechanism may be related to the inhibition of MCP-1/CCR2 signaling pathway. 

Objective  To explore the commonalities and differences of the body characteristics of different language groups in China.  Methods  The body index data of 65 343 adults (29 667 males and 35 676 females) from 8 language groups in China were measured. Principal component analysis was used to explore the characteristics of human body development in China. Results  Among the eight language groups in China, the three ethnic groups of the Altai languages have the largest body weight, large trunk circumference, high stature, long lower limbs, and long trunk. The body height, length, weight and trunk circumference of the Han ethnic group were slightly inferior to those of the Altaic ethnic group. The Tibetan-Burmese ethnic group belongs to the group with higher body height, length, weight and trunk circumference in the southern ethnic group. In contrast, the Zhuang-Dong ethnic group, the Miao-Yao ethnic group and the South Asian ethnic group in the south had smaller trunk circumference, lighter weight, shorter stature, shorter lower limbs and shorter trunk.  Conclusion  The body characteristics of the northern (or southern) language groups are relatively close, which reflects the commonality of the characteristics of the Chinese language groups. The differences in the characteristics of Chinese language groups are mainly reflected in the fact that the index values of the three language groups in the north are significantly larger than those of the four language groups in the south. Genetic factors, geographical environment factors and social development factors all affect the body characteristics of Chinese language ethnic group. 

Objective  To investigate the spatiotemporal variations in sexual size dimorphism among Chinese Han students.  Methods  Based on the eight students’physical and healthy investigations, the data on the stature and body mass were systematically collected for 343 928 and 344 029 Chinese Han students aged 19 to 22 years from 1985 to 2019, respectively. The sexual stature dimorphism index (SSDI) and sexual body mass dimorphism index (SBMDI) were employed to analyze the distribution in different periods and regions. In addition, we focused the relationships between these two indices and the per capita consumption expenditure. Results  Positive secular trends were observed in the SSDI and SBWDI among Chinese Han students throughout the 1985 to 2019 period. Notable similarities were identified in the SSDI and SBWDI between northern and southern students. Compared with the SSDI, the SBWDI exhibited significant disparities between urban and rural areas, and demonstrated a positive association with the per capita consumption expenditure.  Conclusion  The female buffering hypothesis possesses a limited range of spatiotemporal adaptability, and the trait more susceptible to environmental influences is better suited to test this hypothesis.