Objective  To study the morphology, muscle architecture index and distribution pattern of intramuscular nerve dense area of elbow muscle, so as to provide anatomical location for poster-lateral approach of elbow joint and transplantation of elbow muscle flap.    Methods Through gross anatomy, muscle architecture index and modified Sihler’s intramuscular nerve staining, 10 cases with an average age of 64.2 years were selected.    Results  The elbow muscle was approximate triangle, the muscle wet weight was (6.31±0.85) g, the muscle length was (6.24±0.78) cm, the muscle fiber length was (4.74±0.88) cm, pennation angle（70.60±6.41）°and the muscle physiological cross-sectional area was (0.41±0.15) cm2. The branches of the deep branch of the radial nerve were divided into upper, middle and lower branches at the distance of 26.17% from the abdominal length of the starting muscle to the middle of the elbow muscle, and anastomosed to form a plexus.    Conclusion The elbow muscle is hemi-pennate muscle；According to the location of intramuscular nerve dense area, elbow muscle flap transplantation can be considered，the posterolateral approach of elbow joint can be performed near the lower part of muscle.