Table of Content

2023, Volume 54 Issue 5
06 October 2023 Previous Issue    Next Issue
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Neurobiology
Cell and Molecules Biology
Anatomy
Histology,Embryology and Developmental Biology
Review


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Neurobiology

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Effect of cerebrotein hydrolysate-Ⅰon intestinal microflora regulation of mice with Parkinson’s disease YAN Kun WU Xiao-lin LIU Ying-juan GE Ke-li1 REN Lei-ming LI Hong-yun 2023, 54 (5):  497-504.  doi: 10.16098/j.issn.0529-1356.2023.05.001 Abstract ( )   PDF (3818KB) ( )   Objective  To investigate the neuroprotective effect and mechanism of cerebrotein hydrolysate-Ⅰ   (CHⅠon1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) induced Parkinson’s disease (PD) mice.     Methods Totally 36 healthy male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into control group(Ctrl), model group(MPTP) and CH-Ⅰ group. MPTP was used to induce PD model in mice, and CH-Ⅰ was injected intraperitoneally for intervention. The behavioral function of mice was detected by pole test, the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) was detected by immunohistochemistry, and the composition and diversity of intestinal microflora were detected by gene sequencing and bioinformatics analysis.    Results Compared with the control group, MPTP induced behavioral deficits in PD mice after modeling (P<0.05), after CH-Ⅰ treatment, the behavioral defects of PD mice were improved compared with MPTP group (P<0.05). Immunohistochemical result  showed that MPTP decreased the expression of the rate-limiting enzyme TH in dopamine synthesis, and increased the expression of TH after CH-Ⅰ treatment. The result  of microbial diversity showed that the intestinal microflora diversity of mice decreased after MPTP treatment (P<0.05). At the “phylum” level, the number of Epsilonbacteraeota and Deferribacteres decreased sharply, while the number of Verrucomicrobia increased significantly. At the level of “family”, the number of Desulfovibrionaceae, Lachnospiraceae, Helicobacteraceae and Rikenellaceae decreased, while the number of Akkermansiaceae and Erysipelotrichaceae increased, suggesting that the original homeostasis of intestinal microflora was destroyed. After CH-Ⅰ treatment, the number of intestinal microflora tended to be normal, which reduced the abundance of pathogenic microbiota and increased the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria.    Conclusion CH-Ⅰ can improve the composition of intestinal microflora and the behavioral function of PD mice by decreasing the abundance of pathogenic microbiota and increasing the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria.  References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of hypoxia preconditioning on hematology-related indexes through hypoxia inducible factor-1α/stromal cell-derived factor-1 pathway in rats  SUN Juan CHEN Jing-wei YANG Yi LIN Tao MOU Ya-lin ZHAO Xiu-li ZENG Guo-xi ZHANG Yan 2023, 54 (5):  505-511.  doi: 10.16098/j.issn.0529-1356.2023.05.002 Abstract ( )   PDF (2310KB) ( )    Objective To study the role of hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α)/stromal cellderived factor-1 (SDF-1) pathway in high altitude  hypoxia preconditioning in rat.  Methods  Seventy-six adult male SD rats, which through fed in low-pressure oxygen chamber (altitude 5000 m) and Xining (altitude 2260 m) to establish the rat model of hypoxia preconditioning. Rats randomly divided into 6 groups: control group (Ctrl), high altitude hypoxic preconditioning 1 day group (HHP-1d), high altitude hypoxic preconditioning 4 days group (HHP-4d), high altitude hypoxic preconditioning 15 days group (HHP-15d), high altitude hypoxic preconditioning 30 days group (HHP-30d), medium altitude hypoxic preconditioning group (MHP). 7.0T small animal MRI was used to observe the intracranial structure, diameter of basilar artery and cerebral blood flow in the hippocampus and brainstem regions by the sequences of T2 weighted images (T2WI) and arterial spin labeling (ASL) in the groups of Ctrl, HHP-4d, HHP-30d and MHP. In each group, blood routine was tested, the concentrations of HIF-1α, SDF-1 in serum, platelet activating factor (PAF）and P-selectin (SELP) in plasma were detected by the method  of ELISA.  Results  In the hypoxia preconditioning groups, intracranial structure and diameter of basilar artery had no significant difference, while cerebral blood flow in the regions of brainstem and hippocampus increased significantly (P<0.05). Meanwhile, red blood cell and white blood cell increased significantly, while platelet decreased significantly in the groups of hypoxia preconditioning (P<0.05). Red blood cell and platelet in MHP group were closer to Ctrl group. The concentrations of HIF-1α and SDF-1 (except HHP-1d group) increased significantly in hypoxia preconditioning groups (P<0.05).The concentrations of PAF and SELP increased significantly in HHP-1d and HHP-15d groups. The concentration of PAF decreased significantly in the HHP-4d and HHP-30d groups, and SELP decreased significantly in HHP-4d group (P<0.05).  Conclusion Hypoxia preconditioning can increase oxygen storage and immune defense capacity, improve brain reserve capacity and play the effect of brain protection through HIF-1α/SDF-1 pathway. The best effect preconditioning was feed at medium altitude (altitude 2260 m) for 30 days.   References | Related Articles | Metrics

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N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor/MAPK/cAMP-response element binding protein pathway mediating pain-related aversion in anterior cingulate cortex ZHANG Ya-qing JI Wei-zhong WANG Ling 2023, 54 (5):  512-520.  doi: 10.16098/j.issn.0529-1356.2023.05.003 Abstract ( )   PDF (10656KB) ( )    Objective  To explore the mechanism of N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA）receptor/MAPK/cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB) pathway involved in pain-related aversion mediated by anterior cingulate cortex. Methods  A total of 42 healthy SD rats were randomly divided into control group (Ctrl), normal saline(NS) injection group (NS), complete freund adjuvant (CFA) model group(CFA), injected CFA into the soles of the foot and injected NS into rostral part of anterior cingulate cortex (rACC)group (CFA+NS), injected NS into the soles of the foot and injected NS into rACC group (NS+NS), injected CFA into the soles of the foot and injected NMDA receptor antagonist (APⅤ) into rACC group (CFA+APⅤ), injected NS into the soles of the foot and injected APⅤ into rACC group (NS+APⅤ) with 6 rats in each group. Rats avoidance score was analysised and rat thermal foot contraction latency (PWL) ws alserved, the expression of NMDA receptor in rACC region was detected by immunohistochemical staining, the expression of NMDA receptor, phosphorylated ERK(p-ERK) and phosphorylated CREB(p-CREB) in rACC region was detected by immunofluorescent staining, the number of Nissl bodies in rACC region was observed by Nissl staining, and the expression of NMDA receptor, MAPK, CREB, ERK, p-ERK, p-CREB, synaptosomal-associated protein 25 interaction protein 30 (SIP30) protein in rACC region was detected by Western blotting, and Real-time PCR was used to detect the mRNA expression of NMDA receptor, MAPK, CREB and ERK in the rACC region.     Results  Compared with the Ctrl group, the avoidance score and PWL decreased significantly and the expression of NMDA receptor, MAPK and CREB increased significantly in the CFA group (P<0.05). Compared with the CFA+NS group, the number of Nissl bodies in CFA+APⅤ and NS+APⅤ groups increased significantly, while the expression of NMDA receptor, MAPK, CREB, p-ERK and p-CREB decreased significantly in NS+NS and NS+APⅤ groups (P<0.05). Conclusion  NMDA receptor-MAPK-CREB signal pathway in rACC is involved in pain-related aversion, and inhibition of NMDA can reduce pain-related negative aversion.  References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect and molecular mechanism of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 2/Akt signaling pathway on 6-hydroxydopamine-treated SH-SY5Y cell model LI Meng-yi WU An-ting XU Ze-ting ZHANG Ting LI Jun-wei ZHOU Peng CUI Huai-rui SUN Chen-you 2023, 54 (5):  521-530.  doi: 10.16098/j.issn.0529-1356.2023.05.004 Abstract ( )   PDF (6120KB) ( )   Objective To study whether the regulation of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 2(mTORC2)/Akt signaling pathway has a protective effect on SH-SY5Y cell line damaged by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), and to clarify its molecular mechanism.    Methods  SH-SY5Y cells treated with retinoic acid (RA) were given 6-OHDA, mTORC2 signaling pathway inhibitor PP242 and agonist A-443654 respectively. The changes of cell number in each group were investigated by immunofluorescent staining; The total protein was extracted and the expression level and interaction of key proteins in mTORC2 signaling pathway were determined by Western blotting and co-immunoprecipitation (CoIP); The apoptosis rate of cells in each group was detected by flow cytometry. At the same time, the co-culture Parkinson’s disease(PD) model was made using SH-SY5Y cell line and Bv-2 cell line; MTT colorimetric method  was used to detect the cell viability of each group; ELISA was used to detect the content of tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α) and interleukin-1β(IL-1β) in cell culture supernatant.    Results  The number of tyrosine hydroxylase(TH)/proliferating cell nuclear antigen(PCNA)/hochest-, TH/5-bronmo-2’-deoxyuridine(BrdU)-labeled positive cells in 6-OHDA-lesioned PD cell model group was significantly lower than that in the normal group; The apoptosis rate was higher; The expression of Rictor, p-Akt and regulated in DNA damage and development 1(REDD1) was increased; There was an interaction between Rictor and p-Akt or REDD1; The cell viability was significantly reduced in the co-culture model; the content of TNF-α and IL-β  increased in the cell culture supernatant. With further up-regulation of the abovementioned protein expressions, the cell survival, apoptosis and pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in A-443654 group were significantly ameliorated, while PP242 group showed the opposite changes.    Conclusion  A-443654 activates mTORC2 signaling pathway by p-Akt, which increases the expression of Rictor and REDD1 protein. These changes contribute to the amelioration in cell survival rate, apoptosis rate, and the proliferation and differentiation and decreasion of apoptosis rate of SH-SY5Y cells. These result  improved 6-OHDA-induced cell damage and inhibited the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Purinergic ligand-gated ion channel 7 receptor-mediated cognitive impairment in Parkinson’s disease rats YAN Yang-yang GUO Kai SUN Zhi-hong 2023, 54 (5):  531-537.  doi: 10.16098/j.issn.0529-1356.2023.05.005 Abstract ( )   PDF (1467KB) ( )   Objective  To explore the role of purinergic ligand-gated ion chennel 7 receptor(P2X7R) in cognitive dysfunction in Parkinson’s disease rats.      Methods  Ninty rats was divided into 5 groups with 6 rats in each group with 3 repeats. The rat model of PD was established by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). PD rats were injected with P2X7R agonists 2,3-adenosine 5-triethylammonium triphosphate (BzATP) and antagonists Comassie brilliant blue G (CBBG). The learning and memory ability and pain response of rats in the water maze were measured, and the expression of P2X7 in hippocampus was detected by Real-time PCR and Western blotting.      Results  Compared with the normal rats, PD rats had slow learning speed and weak memory ability. CBBG improved the learning and memory ability of PD rats, while BzATP decreased the learning and memory ability of PD rats. The result  of Real-time PCR showed that compared with the control group, the expression of P2X7R mRNA was the highest in hippocampal tissue, the expression of P2X7R  in CBBG group was down-regulated, and that of P2X7R in BzATP group was up-regulated. Compared with the PD group, Western blotting of P2X7R showed that the expression of P2X7 protein increased significantly in BzATP group, while the expression of P2X7 protein was lower in CBBG group.      Conclusion  Cognitive impairment exists in PD rats. CBBG can improve the learning and memory function of PD rats, and BzATP can inhibit the learning and memory function of PD rats.  References | Related Articles | Metrics

Cell and Molecules Biology

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Erythrocyte membrane-associated protein inhibiting Th17 cell differentiation via IL-6/STAT3/ROR-γt signaling pathway in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mice encephalomyelitis mice HE Ke-ke LI Yuan-di WEN Ting-hao ZHU Jie GAO Jie HU Rong HAN Feng SU Min 2023, 54 (5):  538-545.  doi: 10.16098/j.issn.0529-1356.2023.05.006 Abstract ( )   PDF (4569KB) ( )    Objective  To explore the effect of exogenous and endogenous erythrocyte membrane-associated protein (ERMAP) on helper T cell 17(Th17) cell differentiation through interleukin 6/signal transducers and activators of transcription 3/retionoid-related orphan nuclear receptor-γt(IL-6/STAT3/ROR-γt) signal pathway in the mouse model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE).    Methods  Using flow cytometry to verify the function of ERMAP-Ig fusion protein at different concentrations; Agarose gel electrophoresis was performed to identify ERMAP knockout mice. Flow cytometry was performed to detect the effect of ERMAP-Ig fusion protein on Th17 cell differentiation in vitro. Forty 6-week-old normal C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into 2 groups to establish EAE models, control-Ig and ERMAP-Ig groups, with 20 mice in each group; Clinical scores were recorded; Flow cytometry was performed to detect Th17 cell differentiation in EAE mice in vivo. Forty 6-week-old identified wild-type and ERMAP knockout mice were divided into 2 groups to establish EAE models. Identified wild-type and ERMAP knockout mice were divided into 2 groups to establish EAE models, ERMAP+/+ and ERMAP-/- groups, with 20 mice in each group. Clinical scores were recorded; Spinal cord HE and luxol fast blue(LFB) staining and histological semi-quantitative scoring were performed. Flow cytometry was performed to detect the percentage of IL-17A+CD4+ T cells; Western blotting was performed to detect the expression of IL-6, IL-17, STAT3, p-STAT3, and ROR-γt protein levels; Real-time PCR was performed to detect the mRNA expression of IL-17, TNF-α, IL-6, STAT3, and ROR-γt; ELISA was performed to detect the expression of IL-17 and TNF-α at the cellular level was detected by ELISA.    Results  1. Exogenous ERMAP-Ig fusion protein inhibited Th17 cell differentiation and attenuated EAE symptoms in mice. 2. Compared with the control group, ERMAP-/- EAE mice showed increased inflammation and demyelination symptoms and increased Th17 secretion of IL-17A. 3. Endogenous ERMAP knockdown resulted in increased expression of IL-17, TNF-α, IL-6 STAT3, and ROR-γt. All differences were statistically significant(P<0.05).    Conclusion  ERMAP may regulate Th17 cell differentiation through the IL-6/STAT3/ROR-γt signaling pathway and is involved in the development of EAE in mice. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Shear stress regulateing the phosphorylation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase Ser633 and Ser1177 in human umbilical vein endothelial cells through Pim1/Akt pathway   DU Da-peng SUN Yu ZHANG Min WANG Han-qin 2023, 54 (5):  546-552.  doi: 10.16098/j.issn.0529-1356.2023.05.007 Abstract ( )   PDF (7879KB) ( )    Objective  To explore the effect of different modes of blood flow shear stress on the Pim1 expression in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and the regulation of phosphorylation at Ser1177. and Ser633 of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS).     Methods  HUVECs were isolated from fresh human umbilical cord. The parallel plate flow chamber system was used to load 15 dyn/cm2 laminar shear stress (LSS) and (0.5 ± 4) dyn/cm2 oscillatory shear stress (OSS) on HUVECs. Western blotting was used to evaluate the protein levels of Pim1, phosphorylated Akt at Ser473, and phosphorylated eNOS at Ser633 and Ser1177. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) was used to knockdown of Pim1 and Akt.     Results  LSS obviously induced Pim1 protein expression in HUVECs (P<0.01) compared with OSS stimulation. LSS also significantly increased Akt phosphorylation at Ser473 and eNOS phosphorylation both at Ser633 and Ser1177 (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Pim1 silencing, or treatment with SMI-4a, an inhibitor of Pim1, abolished the above effects of LSS-stimulated HUVECs (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Knockdown of Akt also prevented the LSS-induced Akt phosphorylation at Ser473 and eNOS phosphorylation both at Ser1177 and Ser633 (P<0.05 or P<0.01). However, Akt knockdown did not alter the expression of Pim1 induced by LSS.     Conclusion  Shear stress can regulate the phosphorylation of eNOS Ser633 and Ser1177 in HUVECs through the Pim1/Akt signaling pathway.   References | Related Articles | Metrics

Anatomy

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Automatic extraction of point cloud on cartilage surface of intraoperative knee using FPFH-PointNet LIU Yan-jing SHI Yong-hong 2023, 54 (5):  553-559.  doi: 10.16098/j.issn.0529-1356.2023.05.008 Abstract ( )   PDF (8140KB) ( )    Objective  The navigation system of robot-assisted knee arthroplasty uses a laser scanner to acquire intraoperative cartilage point clouds and align them with the preoperative model for automatic non contact space registration. The intraoperative patient knee lesion point cloud contains a large number of irrelevant background point clouds of muscles, tendons, ligaments and surgical instruments. Manual removal of irrelevant point clouds takes up surgery time due to human-computer interaction, so in this study we proposed a novel method  for automatic extraction of point clouds from the knee cartilage surface for fast and accurate intraoperative registration.    Methods  Due to the lack of adequate description of cartilage surface and geometric local information, PointNet cannot extract cartilage point clouds with high precision. In this paper, a fast point feature histogram(FPFH)-PointNet method  combined with fast point feature histogram was proposed, which effectively described the appearance of cartilage point cloud and achieved the automatic and efficient segmentation of cartilage point cloud.    Results  The point clouds of distal femoral cartilage of 10 cadaveric knee specimens and 1 human leg model were scanned from different directions as data sets. The accuracy of cartilage point cloud segmentation by PointNet and FPFH-PointNet were 0.94 ±0.003 and 0.98 ±0, and mean intersection over union(mIOU) were 0.83 ±0.015 and 0.93 ±0.005, respectively. Compared with PointNet, FPFH-PointNet improved accuracy and mIOU by 4% and 10% respectively, while the elapsed time was only about 1.37 s.    Conclusion  FPFH-PointNet can accurately and automatically extract the knee cartilage point cloud, which meets the performance requirement for intraoperative navigation. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of multimodal electromagnetic navigation in endoscopic endonasal skull base anatomical measurement of fresh cadavers  ZHOU Chun-hui XIE Sheng-qiang WANG Jiang-ting LAN Xiao-juan ZHANG Jian-ning ZHAO Hu-lin 2023, 54 (5):  560-566.  doi: 10.16098/j.issn.0529-1356.2023.05.009 Abstract ( )   PDF (8034KB) ( )    Objective  Electromagnetic navigation was used to observe and measure important anatomical structures through endoscopic endoscopic approach (EEA) to the ventral skull base to provide data for clinical surgery.     Methods  Using electromagnetic navigation to measure the anatomical structure of the central and paracentral ventral skull base on 10 fresh cadavers, the internal carotid artery (ICA) was the most important.     Results  Electromagnetic navigation helped to determine the course of important neurovascular. The ICA of the ventral skull base was divided into 5 segments+7 major branches, and the length and course of each were measured and recorded.     Conclusion  The identification and protection of ICA is the key to EEA treatment of ventral skull base lesions, and electromagnetic navigation assistance can improve the efficiency and safety of EEA surgery   References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Measurement of the magnetic resonance imaging of the area supratentorial and infratentorial mid-sagittal plane of the normal Tibetan adults BAI Peng LI Wei ZHONG Hua WANG Zhan-fei 2023, 54 (5):  567-574.  doi: 10.16098/j.issn.0529-1356.20.05.010 Abstract ( )   PDF (3988KB) ( )    Objective To explore the relationship between supratentorial area (STA), posterior fossa area (PFA) and intracranial area (ICA) of normal adult Tibetans with age and gender.    Methods The subjects of this study were native Tibetan adults living in Lhasa. Totally 158 sample populations were between the ages of 20 and 59 years, with an average age (36.60± 10.75) years, including 64 males and 94 females. Siemens MAGNETOM ESSENZA 1.5T magnetic resonance scanner was used to scan with 3D-fSPGR sequence, and the images obtained by scanning were stored in DICOM format and imported into 3D Medical medical image processing software, and region of interest was delineated by using the software’s own toolkit. STA, PFA and ICA were measured on T1WI mid-sagittal imaging, and the ratios of PFA/STA, STA/ICA and PFA/ICA were calculated. In order to eliminate the influence of individual differences in skull size on brain structure, this paper corrected the STA and PFA with the same level of ICA, and obtained the relativity of supratentorial area (RSTA )and relativity of posterior fossa area(RPFA).    Results The STA was (127.91±9.84) cm2, PFA was (33.96±3.27) cm2, and ICA was (161.86±10.83) cm2 in Tibetan men. The STA was (118.75±8.04) cm2, PFA was (32.19±3.00) cm2, and ICA was (150.94±8.90) cm2 in Tibetan women. There were significant differences in STA (t=6.408, P<0.01), PFA (t=3.508, P<0.01) and ICA (t=6.679, P<0.01). The RSTA was (122.75±2.96) cm2 and RPFA was (32.66±2.96) cm2 in Tibetan men.The RSTA was (122.23±2.85) cm2 and RPFA was (33.18±2.85) cm2 in Tibetan women. There was no significant difference in RSTA and RPFA between different genders (P>0.05). In Tibetan men, there were no significant differences in PFA, ICA, and RSTA/ICA (P>0.05), and there were significant differences in different age groups in the other indicators( P<0.05). There were no significant differences in the different age groups of Tibetan women (P>0.05). The indicators positively correlated with age in Tibetan men were STA, STA/ICA, RSTA (r=0.258, 0.363, 0.363. P<0.05 or P<0.01), and the indicators negatively correlated with age were PFA/STA, PFA/ICA, RPFA/RSTA, RPFA/ICA (r=-0.363, -0.363, -0.363, - 0.312. P<0.05 or P<0.01). The correlation between the measured values and age of Tibetan women was not significant (P>0.05).    Conclusion The average ICA of normal adult Tibetans is 10.7% larger in men than women. The men STA is slightly larger than that of women, while the men PFA is slightly smaller than that of women. After correction, there is no significant difference between the gender. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Accuracy of 3D printing skull under different CT layer thickness MI Si-rong LIU Guang-xing ZHANG Zhen-wu YU Peng-hui JU Xiao-jun RAO Li-bing LI Li 2023, 54 (5):  575-581.  doi: 10.16098/j.issn.0529-1356.2023.05.011 Abstract ( )   PDF (12035KB) ( )   Objective To compare the measurement differences between the skull 3D printed model and the real specimen under different CT scan slice thicknesses, and to explore the effect of slice thickness on the accuracy of the 3D printed model.    Methods Eight normal skull specimens (marked as Nos. 1-8) (group N) were used for CT scanning with different slice thicknesses, specifically 0.625 mm (group A), 1.25 mm (group B), and 2.5 mm (group C), 3.75 mm (group D), and 5 mm (group E), and then carried out 3D reconstruction and 3D printing respectively, and compared the anatomical reduction degree of the foramen magnum diameter, anterior clinoid distance, and butterfly wing distance of the 3D printed skull model.    Results The reduction degree of anatomical structure of 3D printed skull model decreased with the increase of CT slice thickness. There was no significant difference in the accuracy of 3D model among groups A, B and C ( P>0.05). There was a high correlation between group A, B and C and group N ( P<0.05). The size indexes and statistical values of group A, B and C were similar.   Conclusion CT slice thickness has a significant effect on the accuracy and reduction of the 3D printed skull model. The 3D printed model with thin slice data (0.625mm, 1.25mm, 2.5mm) has higher accuracy and less difference. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Muscle architecture and intramuscular nerve distribution pattern of adult elbow muscle LIU Jian ZHU Guang-qiong LIU Kun-xiang 2023, 54 (5):  582-585.  doi: 10.16098/j.issn.0529-1356.2023.05.012 Abstract ( )   PDF (2595KB) ( )    Objective  To study the morphology, muscle architecture index and distribution pattern of intramuscular nerve dense area of elbow muscle, so as to provide anatomical location for poster-lateral approach of elbow joint and transplantation of elbow muscle flap.    Methods Through gross anatomy, muscle architecture index and modified Sihler’s intramuscular nerve staining, 10 cases with an average age of 64.2 years were selected.    Results  The elbow muscle was approximate triangle, the muscle wet weight was (6.31±0.85) g, the muscle length was (6.24±0.78) cm, the muscle fiber length was (4.74±0.88) cm, pennation angle（70.60±6.41）°and the muscle physiological cross-sectional area was (0.41±0.15) cm2. The branches of the deep branch of the radial nerve were divided into upper, middle and lower branches at the distance of 26.17% from the abdominal length of the starting muscle to the middle of the elbow muscle, and anastomosed to form a plexus.    Conclusion The elbow muscle is hemi-pennate muscle；According to the location of intramuscular nerve dense area, elbow muscle flap transplantation can be considered，the posterolateral approach of elbow joint can be performed near the lower part of muscle. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Adjustment of X-ray angle intraoperation based on the anatomic shape of femoral neck section  ZHU Qiu-liang YU Xiang-ping MA Jun CHEN Yun-yun LIN Fang RUAN Wen-bin 2023, 54 (5):  586-592.  doi: 10.16098/j.issn.0529-1356.2023.05.013 Abstract ( )   PDF (9523KB) ( )    Objective  To investigate the appropriate X-ray angle which image can represent total proximal of femur according to the anatomic shape of the femoral neck section.   Methods  The anatomic parameter of the femoral neck section was observed and measured. Found the femoral neck was contained with three main surfaces of anterior surface, posterosuperior surface and posteroinferior surface. A model of surface fluoroscopy has been made by covering aluminum foil papers on the three surfaces of femoral neck. Taking the midpoint of the femoral neck as the fluoroscopy center, the C-arm was rotated at an interval of 10° between 0° and 170°, and the three aluminum foil paper models were taken for X-ray projection respectively. The X-ray angle with the smallest image of aluminum foil paper was taken as the appropriate X-ray angle of the surface.  A penetrating model of the femoral neck internal fixation was made of three Kirschner wires penetrating through the anterior, posterosuperior and posteroinferior surfaces of femoral neck. The images of the penetrating Kirschner wires were observed through the traditional anteroposterior, lateral view and the three appropriate X-ray angle views obtained from the above test.   Results  The length of the three main surfaces accounts for 80.95% of the circumference of the femoral neck. The anterior surface coronal angle was 18°, the posterosuperior surface coronal angle was 65°, and the posteroinferior surface coronal angle was 165°. The Appropriate X-ray angle of the three surfaces were 20°, 70° and 170° respectively. In the images of the three appropriate X-ray angles, the penetrating Kirschner wires of anterior surface, posterosuperior surface and posteroinferior surface of the femoral neck could be clearly observed respectively, while the penetrating Kirschner wire could not be completely found in the traditional anteroposterior and lateral images.   Conclusion  Traditional anteroposterior and lateral fluoroscopy can not accurately display the three-dimensional structure of femoral neck. By increasing the appropriate X-ray angle of 20°, 70° and 170°, the reduction quality and bony violation from internal fixation implants on the anterior surface, posterosuperior surface and posteroinferior surface of the femoral neck could be observed respectively.    References | Related Articles | Metrics

Histology,Embryology and Developmental Biology

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Morphometry of the ureteric bud branching in the developing mouse kidney Ling GU ZHANG Ping SONG KeXin Na Li Hong-yu Chen Zhang Jie CONG Jing ZHAI XiaoYue GU Ling ZHANG Ping SONG Ke-xin LI Na CHEN Hong-yu ZHANG Jie CONG -Jing ZHAI Xiao-yue 2023, 54 (5):  593-598.  doi: 10.16098/j.issn.0529-1356.2023.05.014 Abstract ( )   PDF (12216KB) ( )    Objective  To investigate the branching pattern of the ureteric bud and the number of the nephron induced by each ureteric bud tip, through the three-dimensional tracing of the ureteric tree, combined with the morphological analysis and measurement of the ureteric tree.    Methods  The kidneys were obtained from three mice at various developing time points and prepared for paraffin and epoxy sections. Then the microscopic images were digitized and aligned from these sections. Based on the computerassisted tracing and visualization of ureteric tree, the number of branches and the nephron induced by each ureteric bud tip were obtained by counting. In addition, paraffin sections were stained with HE staining for morphological observation of nephrogenic zone and ureteric bud, while in order to reflect the density of the ureteric bud tips at nephrogenic zone, the distance between two neighboring ureteric bud tips was measured aided with the Claudin-7 immunohistochemical staining.    Results  The ureteric bud branching tree revealed that the initial bifid iterative branching formed the framework of renal medulla, the branching became complicated and dense in cortex and nephrogenic zone, while the distance between ureteric bud tips were also decreasing. The number of the nephron induced by each ureteric bud tip increased from one (E14.5) to two (E17.5), and occasionally to three.  Conclusion  Three-dimeasional Visualization of ureteric bud branching tree reveals regional complication, suggesting molecules in different regions drive different branching patterns; While the density of the ureteric bud tips at nephrogenic zone increases corresponding to decreasing of thickness of the nephrogenic zone, and the disappearance of the ureteric bud tips after birth is also consistent with the gradual consumption of nephron progenitor cells.  References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress on oligodendrocyte progenitor cells participated neuroimmunomodulation#br# #br# SHEN YANG Bei-na XIAO Lan HUANG Nan-xin 2023, 54 (5):  599-603.  doi: 10.16098/j.issn.0529-1356.2023.05.015 Abstract ( )   PDF (1500KB) ( )    Oligodendroglial lineage cells (OLGs) are important cell reserves for myelination and remyelination. Recent studies of central nervous system (CNS) indicated that besides traditional CNS immune cells like microglia, primitive cells of oligodendroglial lineage, oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) can also actively participate immune responses. Simulated by physiological or pathological factors, OPCs can express a series of receptors，signaling and/or regulatory molecules et al, in this way，OPCs can play a critical role in both development and maintenance of the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCB), and most essentially, in initial stage for recruitment of peripheral immune cells and initial immune activation. Besides, in neurological disorders, recent research has revealed that OPCs can transform to disease-specific cell states, characterized by activation of immune cell exclusive genes. These findings may provide the basis for a new insight into the therapeutic strategy of neuron disorders and neurovascular diseases by effectively regulating OPCs.  References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Discussion on racial concept#br# XI Huan-jiu LI Wen-hui 2023, 54 (5):  605-614.  doi: 10.16098/j.issn.0529-1356.2023.05.016 Abstract ( )   PDF (1114KB) ( )   We reviewed the concept of race and its development, analyzed the chaotic application of “race”, “ethnicity” and “ethnic group” at present, put forward the importance of distinguishing these concepts and put forward specific suggestions for distinguishing them. It was also pointed out that although the boundaries of race were blurred, the differences between races were narrowing, and the concept of race was fading, the concept of race can not be abolished. In practice, these concepts were used correctly according to context. At present, the concept of race was questioned, but whether the concept of race had a biological basis or not, it cannot be used as the reasons for racism.  References | Related Articles | Metrics