Acta Anatomica Sinica

Skinfold thickness of adults of Dong people in Guizhou Province

ZHAO Xian LI Yong-lan YU Hui-xin

2022, 53 (5): 644-648. doi: 10.16098/j.issn.0529-1356.2022.05.016

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Objective To study the development degree of subcutaneous fat of Guizhou dong adult. Methods The human body measurements, in October 2015 and November 2018 to Guizhou Rongjiang treble Dongzhai Miao and Dong autonomous county of Dong adult biceps skinfold, triceps skinfold, subscapular skinfold, suprailiac skinfold, supraspinale skinfold, calf skinfold six skinfold were performed, including 951 cases (male 333, female 618). Results The skinfold thickness of the trunk of Dong adults in Guizhou was greater than that of the limbs. The maximum values of the six skinfolds of male and female were found in 45-59 years old group. The minimum values of the biceps skinfold, suprailiac skinfold, supraspinale skinfold and calf skinfold of male were found in 2044 years old group, and the minimum values were found in 60-80 years old group of female. Subscapular skinfold, suprailiac skinfold and calf skinfold were positively correlated with age in males (0.01 <P< 0.05), while biceps skinfold, triceps skinfold, subscapular skinfold and calf skinfold were negatively correlated with age in females (P< 0.01). There were statistically significant differences in the 6 skinfolds between the sexes. The skinfold of females was all thicker than that of males. The percentage of body fat of female was higher than that of male. The result of cluster analysis of 13 ethnic groups showed that the six skin fold thicknesses of Dong were all smaller than those of northern ethnic groups, and close to those of southern ethnic groups. Conclusion The subcutaneous fat development in Dong is relatively high, which is similar to that in Zhuang and Dong nationalities. The skinfold thickness of Dong nationality has the characteristics of southern ethnic groups.

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Circumference characteristics of Tibetan-Burman adults

LIU Xin YU Ke-li ZHENG Lian-bin ZHANG Xing-hua XIANG Xiao-xue

2022, 53 (5): 649-656. doi: 10.16098/j.issn.0529-1356.2022.05.017

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Objective To investigate the characteristics of body circumference of Tibetan-Burman adults. Methods Using a human body altimeter and a measuring tape, the height and 9 circumference indicators of 14 722 adults from 17 Tibetan-Burman ethnic groups in Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou, Hubei, Hu’nan and Tibet Autonomous Region were measured from 2015 to 2019, 5 circumference indexes were calculated, and the data were statistically analyzed. Results The higher the longitude, the larger the head circumference, thigh circumference, biceps circumference and forearm circumference of Tibetan-Burman adults and the female maximum biceps circumference, and the smaller the trunk circumferences and male calf circumference; The higher the latitude, the larger the circumferences (except for female thigh circumference); The higher the altitude, the larger the circumferences; The higher the temperature, the smaller the circumferences. Conclusion Among the 17 ethnic groups of Tibeto-Burman, the Tibetan has a larger circumference, while the Gongshan Nu, Lahu, and Drung have relatively small and close circumferences. With age, the chest and waist circumferences of Tibetan-Burman adults increase, and the circumference of the limbs decreases.

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Overweight and obesity of Tibeto-Burman unidentified ethnic groups in China

LIU Xin ZHANG Xing-hua YU Ke-li ZHENG Lian-bin

2022, 53 (5): 657-662. doi: 10.16098/j.issn.0529-1356.2022.05.018

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Objective To study the current situation of overweight and obesity among Tibeto-Burman unidentified ethnic groups in China. Methods Using the human body altimeter, weight scale and measuring tape to measure 3 physical indicators of 1222 Tibeto-Burman unidentified ethnic groups adults in Sichuan, Yunnan and Tibet from 2007 to 2016, calculate 8 physical indexes, and make a preliminary analysis of the current situation of overweight and obesity in Tibeto-Burman unidentified ethnic groups. Results In Tibeto-Burman unidentified ethnic groups, the body mass index (BMI) and percentage of body fat (PBF) values of males first increased and then decreased with age, reaching the peak in the 40-year-old group, while the BMI and PBF values of females first increased and then decreased with age, reaching the peak in the 50-year-old group. The stature, lean mass and body water of Tibeto-Burman unidentified ethnic groups males and females were negatively correlated with age, the body adiposity index (BAI) value was positively correlated with age, and the correlation coefficients were all statistically significant. According to BMI classification, overweight rate of males was 21.7%, obesity rate was 10.4%, overweight rate of females was 29.6%, obesity rate was 15.8%. According to PBF classification, obesity rate of males was 17.2%, obesity rate of females was 31.3%. Conclusion Males and females of Tibeto-Burman unidentified ethnic groups have higher rates of overweight and obesity.

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Somatotype characteristics of Lisu and Dulong adolescents aged 13-18 in Nujiang Lisu autonomous prefecture of Yunnan Province

WANG Hang-ping SUN Zhen-wu ZHANG Juan ZHU Xuan-jin SONG Yu-xin WANG Xiang-ru WANG Xin-xu

2022, 53 (5): 663-669. doi: 10.16098/j.issn.0529-1356.2022.05.019

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Objective To explore the somatotype characteristics and rules of Lisu and Dulong adolescents aged 13-18 years, and to analyze their annual somatotype differences. Methods According to the method of human body measurement, through the measurement of 10 related indexes, using Heath-Carter body type evaluation method , 634 cases (328 boys, 306 girls) Lisu and Dulong teenagers body type evaluation. Results The average body size of male and female students of Lisu ethnic group was of balanced mesoderm type (2.9-4.8-3.3) and endoderm type (4.7-4.8-2.8). The average body size of male and female students of Dulong nationality is mesoderm type (3.1-3.9-2.1) and mesoderm type (5.2-4.6-1.6). Among the 10 test indexes, there were significant differences in height, body weight, intercondylar diameter of humerus and intercondylar diameter of femur (P<0.01). There were significant differences in height, intercondylar diameter of humerus and intercondylar diameter of femur among female students (P<0.01). Conclusion In Yunnan Province, adolescents of Lisu and Dulong ethnic groups generally have the body type characteristics of southern ethnic groups, but the body type difference between the two ethnic groups is great, and only has the characteristics of similar stage, age and body type.

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Role of ataxia-telangiectasia mutated gene in maintaining quiescence of neural stem cell from subgranular zone of mouse hippocampus

DONG Chuan-ming HE Wen-hua

2022, 53 (5): 545-550. doi: 10.16098/j.issn.0529-1356.2022.05.001

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Objective To investigate the role of ataxia-telangiectasia mutated gene (ATM) in maintaining quiescence of neural stem cells (NSCs) from subgranular zone (SGZ) of hippocampal dentate gyrus in mice. Methods We constructed 1-month-old and 4-month-old mice ATM knockout mice, with 12 mice in each group. The NSCs in SGZ of ATM knockout mice were isolated, cultured and identified in vitro. The proliferation ability of NSCs in SGZ of 1-month-old ATM^+/+ and ATM^-/- mice were compared by Nestin/ki67 staining; BrdU staining was used to compare the proliferation ability of cells between the two groups in 1-month-old and 4-month-old mice in SGZ, and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)/sex determining region Y-box 2 (SOX2) staining was used to detect the difference in the proportion of quiescent NSCs between the two groups in SGZ of 4-month-old mice. Results Abnormal increased proliferation of NSCs in 1 month-old ATM-/-mice detected by Nestin/ki67 staining in vitro and BrdU staining in vivo(P<0.05). At the age of 4 months, BrdU staining in vivo showed that the proliferation of NSCs in the SGZ of ATM^-/- mice decreased significantly(P<0.01), and GFAP/SOX2 staining showed that the proportion of quiescent NSCs in SGZ of ATM^-/- mice decreased significantly(P<0.01). Conclusion ATM deficiency reduces NSCs quiescence, thus leading to increased activation, proliferation and eventual exhaustion of NSCs, suggesting that ATM can maintain the neural stem cell quiescence.

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Distribution of mesencephalic astrocyte derived neurotrophic factor in human, mouse and rat brain

TANG Xiao-lu DENG Cong-cong WANG Pei CHEN Ming-hui TIAN Kai SU Yan-yan MA Hui WU Xue-yan SHEN Yu-xian

2022, 53 (5): 551-556. doi: 10.16098/j.issn.0529-1356.2022.05.002

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Objective To observe the distribution of mesencephalic astrocyte derived neurotrophic factor (MANF) within the brain in human, mice and rats and the comparison across the species. Methods An immunohistochemical method was applied to investigate the expression of MANF and to compare the differences among species in the brain of human specimens (n=5), mice (n=6), and rats (n=6). Results The expression of MANF varied in different brain regions in human, mice and rats. In human, in the cortex, the expression of MANF was the highest among all brain regions. In the subcortical areas or the nucleus, brainstem and cerebellum expression level of MANF were relatively lower. The distribution of MANF in mouse and rat brain were slightly different from that in human brain, but generally consistent. Conclusion The distribution pattern of MANF is similar across the species, however, within a species, MANF expression levels varies in different brain regions.

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Isolation and culture of rat adipose-derived stem cells and differentiation into oligodendrocyte precursor cells

ZHANG Ya-qun FU Li REN Yi-yan QIAO Yan-zi ZHAO Dong-mei

2022, 53 (5): 557-562. doi: 10.16098/j.issn.0529-1356.2022.05.003

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Objective To explore the possibility of rat adiposederived stem cells (ADSCs) to differentiate into oligodendrocyte precursor cells(OPCs) and find an effective way to treat demyelinating disease. Methods ADSCs from the inguinal region of SD rats were isolated, digested with collagenase type Ⅰ and trypsin, collagenase type Ⅰ digestion method as control, counted and compared; Cultured in vitro and observed the growth characteristics. After ADSCs subcultured 3 times of passages, CD29, CD90 and CD45 were detected by flow cytometry; After differentiation into adipocyte, the cells were identified by the staining of oil red O; After differentiation into OPCs by stem cell differentiation medium and OPCs induced differentiation medium, the expression of α-N-acetylneuraminic acid α-2, 8-sialyltransferase Ⅰ(A2B5) and NG2 was detected by immunofluorescent staining. Results The number of ADSCs in the combined enzyme group was higher than the collagenase type 1 group (P<0.05, n=7); ADSCs grew in a long shuttle type and their morphology tended to be stable after passage. The surface marker CD29,CD90 were positive, and CD45 was negative. After adipogenic induction, oil red O staining showed red lipid droplets of varying sizes in the cells. After OPCs induction, immunofluorescence detection showed that positive reaction of cell surface fluorescence was seen with antibody to A2B5 and NG2,(87.03±0.94)% expressed A2B5, (90.07±0.96)% expressed NG2. After cultured for 3 days, immunofluorescence detection showed that positive reaction of cell surface fluorescence was seen with antibody to myelin basic protein (MBP). Conclusion ADSCs are obtained by combined enzyme digestion and the cells are much more than collagenase alone and can be induced to OPCs in vitro.

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Protective effect of long non-coding RNA cytoskeleton regulatory RNA targeting microRNA-1246 on cell damage in Parkinson’s disease models

LI Wei WANG Li WANG Zhi-hua LIU Qing-chun HAN Rong-sheng

2022, 53 (5): 563-570. doi: 10.16098/j.issn.0529-1356.2022.05.004

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Objective To study the effect of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) cytoskeleton regulatory RNA (CYTOR) targeting microRNA (miR)-1246 on cell damage in Parkinson’s disease (PD) models. Methods SK-N-SH cells were exposed to 100 μmol/L 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) to establish a PD cell model in vitro. The levels of CYTOR and miR-1246 were determined by Real-time PCR. pcDNA-CYTOR or anti-miR-1246, or co-transfect pcDNA-CYTOR and miR-1246 mimics were transfected into SK-N-SH cells, repectively. After treated with MPP+, flow cytometry was used to assess cell apoptosis, and commercial kits was used to monitor malondialdehyde (MDA) content and glutathione peroxidase (GSH) activity. The interaction between CYTOR and miR-1246 was verified by dual-luciferase reporter assay. Results CYTOR reduced (P<0.05), while miR-1246 increased (P<0.05) in PD model cells. CYTOR overexpression or miR-1246 inhibition could reduce the apoptosis rate and MDA content of model cells (P<0.05), and increase GSH activity (P<0.05). MiR-1246 was the target gene of CYTOR, and CYTOR negatively regulated miR-1246 expression. Up-regulation of miR-1246 could reverse the effect of CYTOR overexpression on apoptosis and oxidative damage of model cells (P<0.05). Conclusion LncRNA CYTOR can reduce cell apoptosis and oxidative damage in PD models by targeting miR-1246.

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Effect of long non-coding RNA nuclear-enriched abundant transcript on hypoxi-reoxygenation rat astrocyte injury by targeting microRNA-761

CAI Mei-zhi LU Bao-quan WU Xiu-ling SHI Jia MA You-quan

2022, 53 (5): 571-577. doi: 10.16098/j.issn.0529-1356.2022.05.005

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Objective To investigate the effect of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) nuclear-enriched abundant transcript 1 (NEAT1) on hypoxia-reoxygenation(H/R) glial astrocyte injury, and to explore whether the mechanism was related to the regulation of micro RNA (miR)-761. Methods Rat cortical astrocytes were cultured to construct a H/R injury model. Astrocytes were divided into control group, model group, model+ small interfering RNA negative control (si-NC) group, model+si-NEAT1 group, model+miR-NC group, model+miR-761 group, model+si-NEAT1+anti-miR-NC group, model+si-NEAT1+anti-miR-761 group. Expression of NEAT1 and miR-761 were detected by Real-time PCR. The experiment was repeated 3 times. The content of malonaldehyde (MDA), and the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were detected by kits. Dual luciferase reporter experiment and Real-time PCR were used to analyze the targeting relationship between NEAT1 and miR-761. The experiment was repeated 3 times. Results Compared with the control group, the cell apoptosis rate and MDA content of the model group increased significantly, SOD and CAT activities decreased significantly, NEAT1 expression increased significantly, and miR-761 expression decreased significantly (P<0.05). Compared with the model+si-NC group, the apoptosis rate and MDA content of the model+si-NEAT1 group reduced significantly, and SOD and CAT activities increased significantly (P<0.05). Compared with the model+miR-NC group, the apoptosis rate and MDA content of the model+miR-761 group reduced significantly, and SOD and CAT activities increased significantly (P<0.05). MiR-761 was the target gene of NEAT1, and NEAT1 negatively regulated miR-761 expression. Compared with the model+si-NEAT1+anti-miR-NC group, the apoptosis rate and MDA content of the model+si-NEAT1+anti-miR-761 group increased significantly, and SOD and CAT activities decreased significantly (P<0.05). Conclusion Interference with NEAT1 expression can protect astrocytes from H/R injury by up-regulating miR-761.

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An improved crystal embedding method of fetal lung duct casting specimen and its application

ZHENG Er-lai HUANG Hai-long GONG Da-cong

2022, 53 (5): 670-673. doi: 10.16098/j.issn.0529-1356.2022.05.020

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Objective To improve the success rate of crystal embedding of human (animal) pipeline cast specimens for long-term preservation and application of cast specimens better. Methods The selection of embedding mold, specimen fixation, adjustment of the proportion of glue, grinding and polishing were improved, and a crystal embedding model of a fetal lung duct cast specimen was made to explore and optimize the simple and efficient production process of a crystal-embedded human (animal) pipeline casting specimen. Results The crystal model produced after the improvement had great transparency, beautiful shape, no bubbles, and no mold branches broken. The distribution and running of the casted branches of the fetal lung of the crystal model could be observed clearly in the embedded middle fetal lung through any angle and orientation, which was consistent with the cast specimens before embedding, and had a strong sense of three-dimensional space. Conclusion The improved process is better for embedding human (animal) pipeline casting specimens, which is conducive to long-term preservation. It is better for clinical anatomy teaching and exhibition in life science museum.

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Circular RNA_0003028 targeting microRNA-498 regulating the effects of suppressor with morphogenesis effect on genitalia-1/p53 signaling pathway on liver cancer cell line Huh7

XIE Yu-duan DONG Guo-wei HAN Yan HE Sheng-qi

2022, 53 (5): 600-606. doi: 10.16098/j.issn.0529-1356.2022.05.009

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Objective To investigate the effects and molecular mechanism of circular RNA(circ)_0003028 on proliferation, migration and invasion of human liver cancer cells. Methods Liver cancer cell line Huh7 were divided into small interfering RNA(si)-NC group, si-circ_0003028 group, microRNA(miR)-NC group, miR-498 mimics group, si-circ_0003028+anti-miR-NC group and si-circ_0003028+anti-miR-498 group. Real-time PCR was used to detect the expression levels of circ_0003028 and miR-498 in liver cancer tissues and cells of each groups. MTT was used to detect cell proliferation. Transwell was used to detect cell migration and invasion. Western blotting was used to detect protein expression. Dual luciferase reporter experiment was used to detect the target regulation relationship between circ_0003028 and miR-498. Results The expression level of circ_0003028(0.98±0.02 vs 1.36±0.01) increased and the expression level of miR-498(0.98±0.02 vs 0.63±0.02) decreased in liver cancer tissues (P<0.05). After inhibiting the expression of circ_0003028 or overexpression of miR-498, the expression levels of Ki-67(0.85±0.02 vs 0.41±0.02 or 0.95±0.11 vs 0.37±0.02), matrix metalloprotein(MMP)-2(0.71±0.02 vs 0.43±0.03 or 0.83±0.02 vs 0.41±0.03), and MMP-9(0.74±0.02 vs 0.37±0.02 or 0.78±0.02 vs 0.39±0.02) proteins in Huh7 cells decreased, and cell viability(1.53±0.03 vs 1.05±0.02 or 1.68±0.02 vs 1.11±0.02) decreased; the number of migration(111.40±2.12 vs 77.22±2.38 or 108.90±2.30 vs 78.44±1.46) and invasion(87.89±2.18 vs 49.78±1.98 or 80.22±1.79 vs 38.22±1.52) cells decreased, and the protein expression levels of suppressor with morphogenesis effect on genitalia-1(SMG-1) (0.76±0.02 vs 1.39±0.02 or 0.79±0.02 vs 1.39±0.02), p53(0.77±0.02 vs 1.24±0.03 or 0.82±0.03 vs 1.45±0.03), and p53-ser15(0.78±0.03 vs 1.50±0.02 or 0.82±0.02 vs1.4.04) increased (P<0.05). circ_0003028 targeted regulation of miR-498, and silencing miR-498 reversed the effects of inhibiting the expression of circ_0003028 on the proliferation, migration and invasion of Huh7 cells. Conclusion Inhibiting the expression of circ_0003028 can inhibit the proliferation, migration and invasion of liver cancer cells by targeting miR-498 to affect the SMG-1/p53 signaling pathway.

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Molecular mechanism of microRNA-29a-3p targeting Serpinh1 regulating proliferation and invasion of human gastric cancer cell line BGC823

YAN Xiao-di XUE Qiang WANG Fei-ran GU Hong-mei TANG Chong LIU Rui-qi ZHOU You-lang LIU Xian-cheng

2022, 53 (5): 607-612. doi: 10.16098/j.issn.0529-1356.2022.05.010

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Objective To investigate the effects of microRNA(miR)-29a-3p on the proliferation and invasion of gastric cancer cells and analyze its related molecular mechanism. Methods The expression level of miR-29a-3p in gastric cancer cells was detected, and the role of miR-29a-3p in the proliferation, migration, and invasion of gastric cancer cells was evaluated. Western blotting and luciferase analysis showed that miR-29a-3p was directly bound to Serpinh1 3’-untranslated region(3’UTR). In addition, the effects of the miR-29a-3p/Serpinh1 axis on the proliferation, migration, and invasion of gastric cancer cells were detected by MTT assay, colony formation assay, and Transwell assay in vitro. Results After transfection, the expression of miR-29a-3p in the miR-29a-3p mimic group was significantly higher than that in the miR-29a-3p negative control and blank group. After transfection, the proliferation of BGC823 cells decreased significantly. Luciferase analysis showed that miR-29a-3p inhibited the expression of Serpinh1 by targeting the 3’UTR of Serpinh1. In addition, overexpression of miR-29a-3p significantly inhibited the proliferation, invasion, and migration of gastric cancer cells by targeting Serpinh1. Conclusion MiR-29a-3p can target Serpinh1 and regulate the proliferation and invasion of gastric cancer cells.

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Effect of polycomb group facor 1 on the enrichment of colorectal cancer stem cells and its mechanism

JI Guang-yu ZHOU Juan LI Xin-yue HAO Hong-bo

2022, 53 (5): 613-619. doi: 10.16098/j.issn.0529-1356.2022.05.011

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Objective To explore the effect of epigenetic regulator polycomb group factor 1(PCGF1) on the enrichment of colorectal cancer stem cells and its mechanism. Methods Meta-analysis was used to predict the expression of PCGF1 in normal and colorectal cancer tissues. The gene expression of PCGF1 in colorectal cancer tumor cells and normal intestinal epithelium cells was detected by Real-time PCR. PCGF1 loss-of-function subclone was generated in HCT116, and stemness was evaluated by spheroid formation. The effects of PCGF1 on stemness markers and the key proteins in Wnt and Notch pathways were detected by Oncomine and GEPIA database, Realtime PCR and Western blotting. Results PCGF1 was markedly upregulated in colorectal cancer cells and tissues. PCGF1 knockdown strongly inhibited tumor sphere formation of HCT116 and stemness markers expression. There was a positive correlation between PCGF1 and the key proteins in Wnt and Notch pathways. PCGF1 knockdown reduced the expression of β-catenin in Wnt signaling pathway. Conclusion PCGF1 affects the enrichment of colorectal cancer stem cells and regulates the expression of key proteins in the signal pathway which is related to colorectal cancer stem cells self-renewal.

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A novel defined pyroptosis-related genes prognostic risk model for predicting the prognosis of kidney renal clear cell carcinoma#br#

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WANG Wan-li REN Wei-nan ZHAO Qian SHI Zhen-yu LI Yong-qiang

2022, 53 (5): 620-627. doi: 10.16098/j.issn.0529-1356.2022.05.012

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Objective To establish a novel defined pyroptosis-related genes risk model of kidney renal clear cell carcinoma. Methods Data of 522 patients with KIRC and 72 normal tissue samples were respectively downloaded from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database and Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) database. Differential analysis was performed between data of TCGA and GTEx. Univariate Cox regression analysis, multivariate Cox regression analyses and LASSO Cox regression analysis were used to establish a prognostic risk model. Data from the International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) database was used as an external validation cohort. Gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis and Kyoto Encylopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis were used to explore the differences of gene functions and pathways between high-risk and low-risk groups. The CIBERSORT database was used to explore the immune infiltration of high-risk and low-risk groups. Results Through differential analysis, we obtained 13 differentially expressed pyroptosis-related genes. Univariate Cox regression analysis, multivariable Cox regression analyses and LASSO Cox regression analysis were used to establish a 6-gene risk model. Kaplan-Meier analysis indicated that survival time in high-risk group was shorter than low-risk group in both cohorts. The area under the curve (AUC) was 0.710 for 1-year, 0.683 for 2-year, and 0.727 for 3-year survival in the TCGA_KIRC cohort. The AUC was 0.592 for 1-year, 0.531 for 2-year, and 0.545 for 3-year survival in the ICGC_RECA cohort. Independent prognostic analysis indicated that risk score was an independent prognostic factor. GO enrichment analysis and KEGG pathway analysis showed that it was mainly associated with immune and inflammatory responses. The result of tumor immune infiltration showed that the high-risk group had low infiltration levels of regulatory T cells , natural killer cells, monocytes, M2 macrophages and eosinophils and igh infiltration level of B cells, CD8⁺T cells and follicular helper T cells. Conclusion Pyrolysis-related genes may play an important role in KIRC tumor immunity, and the 6-gene risk model can provide a forecast basis for personalized treatment of patients with KIRC.

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Anatomical characteristics and clinical significance of the syndesmosis based on MRI

ZHANG Lei YANG Si-yi ZHANG Xiao-hong CAO Xing-wang XIA Zhang-rong ZHOU Xin

2022, 53 (5): 628-632. doi: 10.16098/j.issn.0529-1356.2022.05.013

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Objective To discuss the anatomical characteristics of the syndesmotic ligament based on MRI images, and to provide anatomical basis for clinical syndesmotic ligament injury and ligament reconstruction. Methods Totally 228 cases of MRI data from diseased person enrolled in the Orthopedics and Traumatology Department of the Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University from January 2010 to May 2021 were retrospectively studied. Measurement of corresponding geometrical data of the ligaments in syndesmosis were analysed. Results The average length of the syndesmosis anterior ligament was (9.75±3.54) mm, the average width (7.27±3.09) mm, and the average thickness (2.50±0.93) mm. The angle with the horizontal plane was (47.49±14.60)°; The average length of the posterior syndesmosis ligament of the lower tibia and fibula was (8.94±2.43) mm, the average width was (6.70±2.80) mm, the average thickness was (2.32±1.10) mm, and the angle with the horizontal plane was (40.84±13.13)°; the average length of the inferior transverse ligament was (9.81±3.21) mm, the average width was (2.28±1.51) mm, and the angle with the horizontal plane was 14.59°±8.02°; the average length of the inferior tibiofibular syndesmosis interosseous ligament was (12.92±4.77) mm, and the average width was (3.28±1.99) mm. The anatomical data of the anterior, posterior, inferior transverse, and interosseous ligaments of the lower tibiofibular syndesmosis, male and female, were compared, and the differences were not statistically significant. Conclusion Studying the anatomical structures and characteristics of the syndesmotic ligament and analyzing the effect of the syndesmotic ligament on the stability of the ankle joint can offer effective diagnostic means or suggestions of syndesmosis injuries in the clinically diagnose and treat.

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Clinical anatomy of cast specimens of the pancreatic duct

WANG Jian-wei XU Jing-yong WEI Jun-min ZHANG Wei-guang

2022, 53 (5): 633-636. doi: 10.16098/j.issn.0529-1356.2022.05.014

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Objective To explore the distribution and structure of pancreatic ducts and lobules in human pancreas and explore their clinical application value. Methods Three human pancreatic specimens were dissected, 2 of which were fresh whole pancreas samples which were collected from the donated human body after dead,UW organ preservation solution was immediately perfused, and the pancreatic duct was rinsed at low pressure. The surface and internal structure of 1 case was observed as a fixed specimen. Paraffin sections were taken for HE staining to observe the structure of lobules and the distribution of catheters in the leaves. Results The gross specimen showed that the pancreas was composed of lobules of different sizes, with thin layers of connective tissue between the lobules. The pancreatic duct had a complete cast structure and could be clearly displayed to the main duct and the branches of the interlobular duct. The diameters of the interlobular ducts varied widely, and finally a main trunk flowed into the main duct. Each trunk was distributed independently, and the distal pancreatic duct formed a lobule-like structure with different sizes of lobules and no interlobular communication. HE staining showed that the pancreatic lobules were surrounded by connective tissue, in which vascular and ductal structures were visible. Intralobular duct could also be observed in the pancreatic lobules. Conclusion The cast specimen of the human pancreatic duct can clearly show the branch distribution of the pancreatic duct, and the study of the morphological of the pancreatic duct and lobular structure is of great reference value for understanding the clinical problems.

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Expression of elastin and collagen in rats with heart failure

WANG Ke-ke LUO Huan-huan MENG Xiang-guang WANG Qian GUO Zhi-kun

2022, 53 (5): 637-643. doi: 10.16098/j.issn.0529-1356.2022.05.015

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Objective To investigate the expression of elastin and collagen in heart of rats with chronic heart failure and their related proteases. Methods Sprague-Dawley rat model of chronic heart failure was made by intraperitoneal injection of doxorubicin hydrochloride. Examination of cardiac function by echocardiography. ELISA and immunohistochemistry were used to detect brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), and Masson staining was used to detect myocardial fibrosis. The mRNA levels of elastin, Ⅰ/Ⅲ collagen were detected by Real-time PCR and the expression levels of elastin, Ⅰ/Ⅲ collagen, Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 were detected by Western blotting. Results Compared with the control group, the heart function of rats in the model group decreased, the BNP content in serum increased, the expression of BNP in myocardial tissue was strongly positive, and the mRNA and protein expression of elastin decreased. Nevertheless, the mRNA and protein expression of Ⅰ/Ⅲ collagen increased. At the same time, both MMP-2 and MMP-9 protein expression levels increased in model rat heart. Conclusion Heart failure leads to decreased expression of elastin, Ⅰ/Ⅲ collagen expression increased, and the MMP-2 and MMP-9 may be involved in the regulation of this process.

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Effect of Smad7 deficiency on rat cardiac fibroblasts proliferation, migration, cell differentiation and collagenⅠ secretion in vitro

LUO Hong GAO Ge ZHANG Guang-qiong LIU Huan YANG Hong-yu SHENG Xiang-chun

2022, 53 (5): 578-584. doi: 10.16098/j.issn.0529-1356.2022.050.006

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Objective To investigate the effects of Smad7 knock down by lentivirus on rat cardiac fibroblasts proliferation, migration, cell differentiation and collagen secretion in vitro. Methods The primary cardiac fibroblasts were separated from the hearts of ten SD rats and identified by immunohistochemical method. The lentivirus transfection knocked down the expresson of Smad7 in cardiac fibroblasts, Western blotting was used to detect the efficiency of Smad7 knock down by lentivirus. The proliferation of cardiac fibroblasts was quantified by real-time unlabeled cell analyzer. Cell migration was evaluted by cell wound scratch assay. Western blotting was used to detect expression of α- smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and collagen Ⅰ（Col Ⅰ）. Results Myocardial fibroblasts were successfully cultured and identified by immunocytochemical methods. The multiplicity of infection(MOI) that lentivirus transduction of myocardial fibroblasts was 100. After lentivirus transduction, 88.33% myocardial fibroblasts expressed green fluorescent protein, showed that the lentivirus could significantly reduce the protein expression of Smad7. Smad7 deficiency decreased the proliferation and migration of cardiac fibroblasts, increased the protein expression of α-SMA and decreased collagen secretion. The results indicated that Smad7 deficiency significantly down-regulated the proliferation and migration of cardiac fibroblasts, increased α-SMA protein expression and reduced ColⅠ protein expression. Conclusion Smad7 deficiency can significantly change the cardiac fibroblasts function , that is related to the pathological mechanism that lead to myocardial fibrosis.

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Effect of all-trans retinoic acid on maturation and differentiation of mouse hepatic progenitor cells induced by bone morphogenetic protein 9 and its mechanism

HE Yun WANG Yin-guang

2022, 53 (5): 585-593. doi: 10.16098/j.issn.0529-1356.2022.05.007

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Objective To investigate the effect of 1 μmol/L and 10 μmol/L all trans retinoic acid (ATRA) on bone morphogenetic protein 9 (BMP9) - induced maturation and differentiation of hepatic progenitor cells. Methods BMP9, BMP9 + 1 μmol/L ATRA and BMP9 + 10 μmol/L ATRA acted on HP14-19, respectively. The expression of albumin-drive gussid(LAB-Glus) was detected by luciferase reporter gene. The mRNA levels of ALB, cytokeratin 18(CK18), tyrosine aminotransferase(TAT), apolipoprotein B(ApoB) were detected by Real-time PCR. The expressions of ALB and uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase 1A(UGT1A) were detected by immunofluorescence. Periodic acid-schiff(PAS) staining and indocyanine green(ICG) uptake assay were used to detect the metabolism and glycogen synthesis of hepatocytes. Real-time PCR and Western blotting were used to detect the expression of retinoic acid receptor(RAR)α, RARβ、RARγ and BMP9 signal related molecules Samd1, Samd 5 and Samd 8. Ad-siRARα、Ad-siRARβ、Ad-siRARγ infected cells were treated with BMP9+10 μmol/L ATRA, the cell morphology and PAS staining result were observed，the mRNA levels of ALB, CK18, TAT and ApoB were detected by Real-time PCR. Results BMP9 could significantly induce the maturation and differentiation of HP14-19 cells. The morphology of HP14-19 cells looked like polygonal paving stone. The expressions of ALB, CK18, ApoB and UGT1A were significantly up-regulated. Some cells had the function of metabolic detoxification and glycogen synthesis. Compared with the BMP9 group, BMP9+1 μmol/L ATRA group had more mature morphology and larger volume. The expressions of Alb, CK18, ApoB and UGT1A were up-regulated significantly (P<0.05). The number of ICG and PAS positive cells increased. Compared with the BMP9+1 μmol/L ATRA group, BMP9 + 10 μmol/L ATRA group showed long spindle, spindle and polygonal shapes, and the expression of hepatocyte related markers decreased, and the number of ICG and PAS positive cells decreased. ATRA(1 μmol/L) significantly increased the expression of RARα, RARβ and RARγ. Compared with the 1 μmol/L ATRA group, 10 μmol/L ATRA group only increased the expression of RARα. BMP9 did not affect the expression levels of Samd1, Samd5 and Samd8, but up-regulated their phosphorylation. Ad-siRARα could improve cell morphology and PAS staining induced by 10 μmol/L ATRA, while increased the expression of Alb and CK18（P＜0.05）. Conclusion ATRA（1 μmol/L） can promote the maturation and differentiation of hepatic progenitor cells(HPCs) induced by BMP9, while 10 μmol/L ATRA can weaken the differentiation of hepatic progenitor cells. Excessive ATRA may over activate RARα signal to affect the differentiation of hepatic progenitor cells.

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Polymorphism of 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene rs1801131 in Qinghai Han patients with hypertensive disorders complicating pregnancy

YUAN Ming DUAN Qian LI Wen-jia WANG Ru WU Zhen LI Jian-hua

2022, 53 (5): 594-599. doi: 10.16098/j.issn.0529-1356.2022.05.008

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Objective To investigate the correlation between the polymorphism of 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene rs1801131 and hypertensive disorders complicating pregnancy(HDCP) in Qinghai Han nationality. Methods The polymorphism of MTHFR rs1801131 in 120 pregnant women with HDCP (HDCP group) and 120 normal pregnant women (control group) were detected by restriction fragment length polymorphism polymerase chain reaction (PCR-RFLP) and verified by sequencing. Results The frequencies of AA, AC, and CC genotype of MTHFR gene in the HDCP group were 56.67%, 32.50%, and 10.83% respectively, and those in the control group were 74.17%, 23.33% and 2.50% respectively (P<0.05), the distribution of genotype was different significantly between the two groups). The frequency of AA genotype of HDCP group (56.67%) was lower than that of control group (74.17%, P<0.05), the frequency of CC genotype of HDCP group (10.83%) was higher than that of control group (2.50%, P<0.05), while there was no significant difference in the frequency of AC genotype between HDCP group and control group (P<0.05). The frequency distribution of alleles A and C of MTHFR rs1801131 polymorphism was significantly different between the HDCP group and the control group (P<0.001), and the frequency of allele C in the HDCP group was significantly higher than that in the control group (χ2=12.229, OR=1.574, 95% CI=1.181-2.099, P<0.001). Conclusion The polymorphism of MTHFR rs1801131 is related to the occurrence of HDCP in Qinghai Han population. The C gene might be the susceptibility gene of HDCP, and CC genotype might be the susceptibility genotype of HDCP.

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Research progress on the relationship between Nogo protein and myocardial fibrosis

HU Yao-wen SUN Yan-rong SUN Hao-zhe WANG Wen-juan ZHANG Su-xin QIN Li-hua

2022, 53 (5): 674-679. doi: 10.16098/j.issn.0529-1356.2022.05.021

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Nogo protein is the fourth member of reticulin family. Nogo mRNA produced by encoding gene transcription, forms three different RNA transcripts due to different promoter and splicing modes, namely Nogo-A, Nogo-B and Nogo-C protein. Nogo protein was first found in the central nervous system, and then proved to be widely expressed in peripheral tissues such as heart, liver and vascular endothelium. Studies have shown that Nogo protein can participate in the regulation of myocardial fibrosis through RhoA/Rho-associated kinase(ROCK) pathway, endoplasmic reticulum stress, Sce61 α and other signaling pathways. In this paper, the relationship between Nogo-A, Nogo-B, Nogo-C and myocardial fibrosis is briefly introduced.

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Molecular mechanism underlying vascular development in the brain

ZHANG Si-qi KANG Chen-xi ZHANG Pei-yan LUO Hai-xia LI Fei SHI Juan LI Yun-qing

2022, 53 (5): 680-686. doi: 10.16098/j.issn.0529-1356.2022.05.022

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As the pipelines of nutrient and oxygen in the brain, cerebral vessels play an important role in the development and normal function of the brain. The development of the cerebrovascular system is divided into two processes, primitive vasculogenesis and angiogenesis. In this review, we summarize the roles, regulation mechanisms, as well as the interactions of the essential signaling molecules, such as the family members of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), neuropillin, Wnt, Notch, Hedgehog, in the vessel development, aiming to provide a reference for the basic and clinical investigation and the prevention and treatment of vascular diseases.

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