Objective  To analyze the distribution of bone strength of adult Han nationalities in Gansu Province and its relationship with body composition.   Methods  Bioelectric impedance technique and ultrasonic bone mineral density meter were used to record the body composition and bone strength of right calcaneus of a random cluster sample with 2950 Han adults living in Lanzhou, Tianzhu, Zhangye and Linxia, Gansu Province. The association of bone strength and body composition were analyzed by using multiple linear regression.   Results  The peak bone strength of Han adult male and female in Gansu was reached at 18-29 years old.The bone strength of male was significantly higher than female after 50 years old (P<0.001). The incidence of bone mass abnormal in subjects was significantly different in different place of Gansu: Tianzhu had highest incidence in male while Lanzhou has lowest incidence(χ2＝10.772，P<0.05); in female groups, the incidence was the highest in Zhangye while the lowest in Linxia（χ2＝35.991，P<0.001）. The result  of multiple linear regression showed that, muscle mass, age and gender were related factors of bone strength of Han adults in Gansu（P<0.05) whereas subcutaneous fat mass and visceral fat mass were not impact factors of bone strength of Gansu Han adult（P>0.05）.  Conclusion  The bone strength of Han adults in Gansu reaches its maximum earlier than some other nationalities. The incidence of bone mass abnormality is different in different places of Gansu, muscle mass is protective factors of OP. Further study is needed to test the relationship of bone strength and environmental factors (eg temperature).