Sexual dimorphism by the length of metacarpals and phalanges of Macaca mulatta

doi:10.16098/j.issn.0529-1356.2017.01.017

Abstract

Abstract:

Objective To investigate the utility of length measurements of the metacarpals and phalanges to estimate sex in a Macaca mulattapopulation. Methods The length of the metacarpals and phalanges of 11 males and 25 females was measured by direct dry bone measurement. Data analyses were performed using SPSS version 20.0. Results The result showed that the accuracies of sex determination of hand bones gradually increased from metacarpal to distal phalange. The average lengths of all five metacarpals and distal phalanges were sexually dimorphic with accuracies of 88.9% and 100.0% respectively. The total lengths of the first hand bone (including one metacarpal and two phalanges) and the fifth hand bone (including one metacarpal and three phalanges) were sexually dimorphic with accuracies of 90.3% and 100.0% respectively. The result according to factor analysis showed that the morphologic classes for all 19 hand bones were divided into the rows (metacarpals, proximal phalanges, middle phalanges, and distal phalanges) rather than the rays (five digits). Conclusion The results of this study suggest that the length of metacarpals and phalanges in monkeys can be used reliably for sexing and be a valuation tool both in theory and application in biological context in primates.

Key words: Finger phalange, Metacarpal bone, Sex determination, Osteometry, Logistic regression, Macaca

ZHAO Xiao-jin WANG Feng-chan TIAN Hua-xiang DUO Tian. Sexual dimorphism by the length of metacarpals and phalanges of Macaca mulatta[J]. Acta Anatomica Sinica, 2017, 48(1): 99-102.

References

［1］McFadden D, Bracht MS. Sex difference in the relative lengths of metacarpals and metatarsals in gorillas and chimpanzees［J］. Horm Behav, 2005, 47（1）: 99-111.

［2］McFadden D, Bracht MS. The relative lengths and weights of metacarpals and metatarsals in baboons (Papiohamadryas)［J］. Horm Behav, 2003, 43(2): 347-355.

［3］Roney R, Whitham C, Marco L. Relative digit lengths and testosterone levels in Guinea baboons［J］. Horm Behav, 2004, 45(4): 285-290.

［4］Zhao XJ, Wang XL, Dang XY, et al. Sex difference in the length ratios of metapodials in Macaca mulatta from the Taihang Mountains［J］. Acta Anatomica Sinica, 2009, 40(6): 993996. (in Chinese)

赵晓进, 王训练, 党晓云, 等.太行山猕猴掌骨和蹠骨长度比率的性别差别［J］. 解剖学报, 2009, 40(6): 993-996.

［5］Zhao XJ, Zhao JJ, Wang G, et al. Sex assessment in the lengths of metacarpals and metatarsals of Macaca mulutta living in the Talhang mountains［J］. Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 2009, 28(1): 88-94. (in Chinese)

赵晓进，赵俊杰，王耿，等.太行山猕猴掌骨和蹠骨长度变量性别判别［J］.人类学学报，2009，28(1):88-94.

［6］Zhao Zh, Wang FCh, Hu FX, et al. Determination of sex from the metapodials by ROC analysis［J］. Journal of Natural Science of Hu’nan Normal University, 2015, 38(3): 29-33. (in Chinese)

赵哲，王凤产，胡凤霞，等.应用ROC分析猕猴掌跖骨性差［J］。湖南师范大学自然科学学报，2015，38(3): 29-33.

［7］McFadden D, Shubel E. Relative lengths of fingers and toes in human males and females［J］. Horm Behav, 2002, 42 (4): 492-500.

［8］Lu H, Huo ZhH. Advance of digit ratios in human［J］. Life Science, 2006, 18(5):487-490. (in Chinese)

陆宏，霍正浩.人类指长比的研究进展［J］.生命科学，2006, 18(5)：487-490.

［9］Xi HJ, Zhao H, Li WH, et al. Primary analysis of current studies on the digit ratio［J］. Acta Anatomica Sinica, 2012, 43(4): 569-571. (in Chinese)

席焕久, 赵红, 李文慧, 等.对指长比研究现状的初步分析［J］. 解剖学报, 2012, 43(4): 569-571.

［10］Zhao XJ, Tian HX, Hu HY, et al. Sex differences in the relative lengths of phalange in rhesus macaques (Macaca Mulatta) from the Taihang mountains［J］. Acta Anatomica Sinica, 2015, 46(5): 673-678. (in Chinese)

赵晓进，田华香，胡海洋, 等.太行山猕猴指（趾）长比性差［J］.解剖学报，2015，46(5):673-678.

［11］Alicioglu B, Yilmaz A, Karakas HM, et al. Sex determination by interarticular distance of metacarpals and phalanges: a digital radiologic study in contemporary Turkish people［J］. Anatomy, 2009, 3(1):14-20.

［12］Khanpetch P, Prasitwattanseree S, Case DT, et al. Detertination of sex from the metacarpals in a Thai population［J］. Forensic Sci Int, 2012, 217(1-3): 229.e1-e8.

［13］Shreuer JL, Elkington NM. Sex determination from metacarpals and first proxinalphalanx［J］. J Forensic Sci, 1993, 38(4):769-778.

［14］Falsetti AB. Sex assessment from metacarpals of the human hand ［J］. J Forensic Sci, 1995, 40(5):774-776.

［15］Smith SL. Attribution of hand bones to sex in population groups ［J］. J Forensic Sci, 1996, 41(3):469-477.

［16］Case DT, Rosss AH. Sex determination from hand and foot bone lengths［J］. J Forensic Sci, 2007, 52(2): 264-269.

［17］Ruff CB. Biomechanical analyses of archaeological human skeletons. In: Katzenberg MA, Saunders SR, eds. Biological Anthropology of the Human Skeleton［M］. New York: Wiley and Sons, 2000: 71-102.

［18］Eshak GA, Ahmed HM, Abdel Gawad EAM. Gender determination from hand bones length and volume using multidetector computed tomography: a study in Egyptian people［J］. J Forensic Leg Med, 2011, 18(6):246-252.

［19］Patton JT, Kaufman MH. The timing of ossification of the limb bones, and growth rates of various long bones of the fore and hind limbs of the prenatal and early postnatal laboratory mouse［J］. J Anat, 1995, 186(1): 175-185.

［20］El-Morsi DA, Al-Hawary AA. Sex determination by the length of metacarpals and phalanges: X-ray study on Egyptian population［J］. J Forensic Leg Med, 2013, 20(1):6-13.

［21］Sarringhaus LA, Stock JT, Marchant LF, et al. Bilateral asymmetry in the limb bones of the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes)［J］. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2005, 128(4): 840-845.

［22］LazenbyRA. Circumferential variation in human second metacarpal cortical thickness: sex, age, and mechanical factors［J］. Anat Record, 2002, 267(2):154-158.

［23]Lu H, Huo ZhH, Shi ZhY, et al. Study on the digit ratio of Hui and Han ethnic groups in Ningxia［J］. Acta Anatomica Sinica, 2008, 39(2): 267-271. (in Chinese)

陆宏，霍正浩，师志云，等.宁夏回族和汉族群体指长比的研究［J］. 解剖学报，2008，39(2)：267-271.

[1]	CHENG Zhi-han RAN Zhi-yu LING Liang-you HE Jia-ning. Sex differences in the morphology of the distal humerus in Ming and Qing Dynasties population in North China [J]. Acta Anatomica Sinica, 2023, 54(3): 328-334.
[2]	DENG Jiu-zheng ZHAO Zhe ZHU Jian-Jin CHENG Xiao-guang MA Yi-min PAN Yong-wei. Morphology of the fifth metacarpal bone based on three-dimensional computed tomography image and its clinical significance [J]. Acta Anatomica Sinica, 2020, 51(3): 411-415.
[3]	SU Ming-jie LI Hui. Relationship between body iron and elevated blood glucose in Mosuo people [J]. Acta Anatomica Sinica, 2019, 50(3): 369-373.
[4]	. Radiologic measurement and sexual diagnosis of metacarpal in Kazakh nationality by discriminant analysis [J]. , 2010, 41(1): 137-140.
[5]	. EXPRESSION PATTERNS AND FUNCTION ANALYSIS OF THE GENES RELATED WITH SEX DETERMINATION AND DIFFERENTIATION DURING RAT LIVER REGENERATION [J]. , 2007, 38(4): 446-451.