Table of Content

2012, Volume 43 Issue 6
06 December 2012 Previous Issue    Next Issue
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神经生物学
细胞和分子生物学
解剖学
组织学胚胎学发育生物学
人类学
技术方法
综述


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神经生物学

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Effect of Nogo-p4 on process growth of bipolar astrocyte differentiated from neural stem cells 2012, 43 (6):  730-733.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0529-1356.2012.06.002 Abstract ( )   Objective To observe the effect of Nogo-p4 on process growth of bipolar astrocyte differentiated from neural stem cells (NSCs). Methods Neurospheres were collected by suspension culture of cells obtained from spinal cords of 4 Wistar rats born in 24 hours. Immunofluorescence method was used to identify NSCs and detect expression of glial fibrillary acidic portein (GFAP) after NSCs differentiated. The NSCs were divided into groups A and B. FBS was added to group A and FBS+Nogo-p4 was added to group B to initiate glial differentiation. The process length of bipolar astrocytes was measured. Results Seven days after differentiation, bipolar astrocytes were observed in both groups. The length of the process on bipolar astrocyte in group B was shorter than that in group A significantly. Conclusion The process growth of bipolar astrocytes differentiated from NSCs derived from the spinal cord of rats is inhibited significantly by Nogo-p4. Related Articles | Metrics

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Neuronal protective effect of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor and its  BR>related mechanism in acute spinal cord injury  BR> 2012, 43 (6):  734-738.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0529-1356.2012.06.003 Abstract ( )   Objective To explore the mechanism of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) on neuronal protective function in acute spinal cord model mice. Methods Hemi-section injury was produced by cutting one-half of the right lateral portions of the spinal cord. After the surgery the mouse accepted an intraperitoneal injection of recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor(rhGCSF), once a day for 3 days. Behavior of the mouse was analyzed with Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan(BBB) locomotor rating scale. The spinal cord of the mouse was then dissected and examined with histological immunofluorescence and Western blotting analysis. We established neuron mechanical injury model EM>in vitro/EM>. Morphological changes were observed and TUNEL staining was used to investigate the apoptosis. Results In the G-CSF group, improvement in hindlimb motor function was significantly greater than that in the injury group. G-CSF receptor was expressed specifically on the neurons. After treatment with G-CSF in acute spinal cord injury, nucleophosmin 1(NPMI) expression was significantly increased and apoptotic cells decreased. After treatment with NSC348884, a specific nucleophosmin inhibitor, in neuron mechanical injury model EM>in vitro/EM>, apoptotic neurons increased and the function of G-CSF on neuronal protection was decreased.Conclusion G-CSF improves motor function in acute spinal cord injury. Moreover, this protective effect may be achieved through the anti-apoptotic role of NPM 1. Related Articles | Metrics

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Observation of proliferation, apoptosis and differentiation of neural stem cells from BR>the hippocampus of fetal rats by laser scanning confocal microscopy  BR> 2012, 43 (6):  739-743.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0529-1356.2012.06.004 Abstract ( )   Objective To observe proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation of cultured neural stem cells（NSCs）from the hippocampus of fetal rats by laser scanning confocal microscopy. Methods NSCs from the hippocampus of fetal rats were isolated and cultured, and the resultant neurospheres grown in petri dishes prior to preparation for confocal microscopy. The nuclei were stained with Hoechst 33258, and an anti-nestin antibody was employed to identify NSCs. Neuron-and astrocyte-specific markers β-III tubulin and glial fibrillary acidic protein（GFAP）were detected to assess NSCs differentiation. Optical continuous tomography of the neurospheres was performed using a laser scanning confocal microscope, and a software was employed to perform three-dimensional reconstruction in order to dynamically observe the neurospheres. Results Nestin-positive neurospheres were observed under a laser scanning confocal microscope. The NSCs gradually developed neurites that intertwined with each other. At the end of 7 days in vitro and twice-passaged, the apoptosis rate was (8.60±2.20)%. After serum-induced differentiation, we observed radial migration of NSCs neurites, which eventually intertwined into a mesh. At the end of 7 days when NSCs from twice-passaged culture were induced to differentiate，the proportions of NSCs that had differentiated into astrocytes and neurons were (68.60±7.64)% and (29.90±8.22)%, respectively（EM>P/EM><0.01）. Conclusion Laser scanning confocal microscopy allows the simultaneous observation of rat neurospheres proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation, which provides a simple and feasible experimental method for basic NS Related Articles | Metrics

细胞和分子生物学

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cDNA cloning and characterisation of prophenoloxidase from EM>Macrobrachium nipponense/EM> 2012, 43 (6):  744-750.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0529-1356.2012.06.005 Abstract ( )   Objective To clone the prophenoloxidase（proPO）gene from Macrobrachium nipponense, and to analyze the bioinformatics and spatial and temporal expression of the gene. Methods The proPO gene was cloned from haemocytes of Macrobrachium nipponense using RT-PCR and rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) method, and its sequence was analyzed with a biological software. Spatial and temporal expressions of the gene were detected by RT-PCR and Real-time PCR. The immune challenge test was carried out by injecting with 20μl of a Aeromonas hydrophila suspension (5.0×10SUP>9/SUP>/L) into the ventral sinus of prawns. After 3 hours, 6 hours, 12 hours and 24 hours of injection, haemolymph were collected and used for the proPO mRNA expressions of haemocytes and the phenoloxidase (PO) activity of serum. Results The full-length cDNA of hemocyanin was 2428bp and contains a 71bp of 5’-untranslated region (UTR), a 344bp of 3’UTR and a 2013bp of open reading frame (ORF) that encoded a protein of 671 amino acids with a calculated molecular mass of 76.5 kD and pI at 7.31. It was predicted to possess all the expected features of proPO members, including two putative tyrosinase copper-binding motifs with six histidine residues,a proteolytic activation site and a thiol ester-like motif (GCGWPRHM). Deduced amino acid sequence contained three hemocyanin domains. Comparison of amino acid sequences showed that the proPO-deduced amino acid of Macrobrachium nipponense exhibited higher similarity to that of Macrobrachium rosenbergii(93%) and 50% -53% to that of other crustaceans. The gene was expressed highly in the haemocytes, weakly in the hepatopancreas, and negative in the muscle, gill, intestine, mandibular organ and ovarian. Its transcript derived from haemocytes was highest in stage DSUB>0/1/SUB> among the molt cycle. Injection of pathogenic bacteria A. hydrophila resulted in the significant increase of proPO gene expressions and PO activity 6hours after treatment. Conclusion Like other crustaceans, the proPO gene of Macrobrachium nipponense contains two conserved copper-binding sites, and is highly expressed in haemocytes. The levels of proPO transcripts in haemocytes are the highest in molt stage DSUB>0/1/SUB>. Injection of Aeromonas hydrophila results in increase of proPO gene expressions and PO activity, indicating that proPO may act as an important molecule involved in immune defense against Aeromonas hydrop Related Articles | Metrics

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Neurochemical characteristics of cultured primary neurons from embryonic mouse dorsal root ganglia  2012, 43 (6):  751-755.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0529-1356.2012.06.006 Abstract ( )   Objective Morphological heterogeneity and the expression of neuropeptides in the cultured primary neurons of the dorsal root ganglia from the embryonic mouse were investigated.Methods Morphology and neurochemistry of cultured dorsal root ganglia (DRG)neurons were analyzed by phase-contrast microscopy and immnuofluorensence. Results Morphological characteristics of DRG neurons with a 3-week culture period appeared similar to those observed in adult DRG neurons. The ratio of median to small sized neurons (20-30μm) was increased from (8.9±0.61)% after 1-week culture to (29.58±1.23)% after 3-weeks culture. The selective neuropeptides,CGRP, substance-P, galanin and nociceptin, were expressed in neuron soma from the first week of the culture. After 3 weeks of culture, an obvious immunoflurensent express of the peptides in neuronal processes was observed. In addition, most neurons containing calicitonin gene related peptide(CGRP) and substance-P belonged to small-size DRG neurons in 3-weck-old DRG culture, which was similar to the features of adult spinal DRG neurons. The morphological features of galanin- and nociceptin-positive neurons didn’t show any difference from 1-week to 3-week culture.Conclusion The embryonic mouse DRG neuron culture might be set up as an in vitro model for the study on some important sensory neuropeptides, like CGRP, substance-P, and their roles in modulating intracellular signaling pathways for sensati Related Articles | Metrics

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Preparation and characterization of sorting nexin 17（SNX17）polyclonal antibody and detecting its expression in mice  2012, 43 (6):  756-761.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0529-1356.2012.06.007 Abstract ( )   Objective To prepare a polyclonal antibody against SNX17, one of cell sorting nexin protein family members, and to provide a basis for future functional studies of the protein. Methods The DNA sequence encoding C-terminal 270 amino acid of Human SNX17 was obtained by PCR from cDNA library of human blood cells and was cloned into PGEM-4T-1 plasmid expressing GST and pMal-C2x plasmid expressing MBP. The GST-SNX17-C-terminal fusion protein and MBP-SNX17-C-terminal fusion protein were expressed by E.coli BL21 (DE3) after IPTG induction. The New Zealand rabbit was immunized with the purified electrophoresis GST-SNX17-C-terminal fusion protein at the 1st day, the 28th day and the 42ed day for three times. We used the ELISA assay to determine the titer of the antiserum by MBP-SNX17-C-terminal fusion protein which was purified by Affinity chromatography and Gel filtration chromatography. The rabbit blood was collected at the 56th day and IgG was purified. Effectiveness and specificity of the antiserum were identified by Western blotting. The SNX17 expression in 30 kinds of mouse organs was detected by Western blotting. Results We constructed the pGEX-4T-1/SNX17-C-terminal plasmid and pMal-C2x/SNX17-C-terminal plasmids successfully. The GST-SNX17-C-terminal fusion protein and MBP-SNX17-C-terminal fusion protein were induced and expressed successfully. The purified antibody specifically recognized GFP-SNX17 and the band was in the same position as that recognized by GFP antibody. We demonstrated that SNX17 expressed at a high level in the mouse uterus, ovary and breast, while expressed at a low level in the testis, prostate and vas deferens.Conclusion Rabbit anti-human SNX17-C-terminal polyclonal antibody was prepared successfully. This polyclonal antibody can be used for Western blotting analysis. The expression of the SNX17 in mouse organs was tested initially. Related Articles | Metrics

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Cloning of IgG heavy chain variable region genes directly from rabbit peripheral blood  2012, 43 (6):  762-766.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0529-1356-2012.06.008 Abstract ( )   Objective To amplify IgG heavy chain variable region genes directly from rabbit peripheral blood. Methods Two pairs of PCR primers were designed according to the cDNA sequence of rabbit germline Immunoglobulin（Ig）heavy chain variable region（VH）and constant-region（CH）genes, which were obtained from IMGT/GENE-DB. With the total RNA that was extracted from rabbit peripheral blood as a template, an one-step RT-PCR reaction was done and followed by a nested-PCR. By cloning the PCR products to T vector, DNA sequencing and blasting in Bioedit software and IMGT/V-QUEST network database, the genotype of CH and three VH gene segments, VSUB>H/SUB>（IGHV）, D（IGHD）and JSUB>H/SUB>（IGHJ）, were confirmed, and the specificity and compatibility of the primers were evaluated. Results A total of 25 clones were analyzed. Their DNA sequences were different from each other, and all belonged to rabbit IgG heavy chain coding genes. Their constant regions were encoded by the same allele gene, IGHG*02. Of these 25 clones, there were 2 of 37 IGHV, 8 of 11 IGHD, and 4 of 11 IGHJ functional genes; and they assembled to 18 kinds of VSUB>H/SUB>-D-JSUB>H/SUB> combinations. ［IGHV1S40*01］-［IGHD8-1*01］-［IGHJ4*01］ was the topmost VSUB>H/SUB>-D-JSUB>H/SUB> combinations, which appeared in 4 clones, but some differences existed some differences in sequence. Conclusion We have succeeded in amplifying IgG heavy chain variable region genes rapidly and specifically from rabbit peripheral blood, and the primers, which designed by ourselves, have displayed a relatively good compatibility, but the VH-D-JSUB>H/SUB> combinations with IGHV1S40*01 or IGHV1S45*01 seem to be amplifie Related Articles | Metrics

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Ovarian carcinoma SKOV3 cell line and nude mice model with transfecting unit point mutant gene in follicle stimulating hormone receptor  2012, 43 (6):  767-771.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0529-1356.2012.06.009 Abstract ( )   Objective To establish an epithelial ovarian carcinoma SKOV3 cell line and nude mice models with transfecting mutant gene in FSHR 307 and 680 site in order to provide two experimental models for further study and treatment of epithelial ovarian carcinoma by follicle stimulating hormome(FSH). Methods FSHR RNA from the primary culture of granular cells in human ovary were extracted. Recombination protein about FSHR and mutant point in FSHR 307 and 680 site were constructed and transfected to SKOV3 cell line. SKOV3, SKOV3 cells with FSHR and mutant point in FSHR 307 and 680 site cells were inoculated subcutaneously in female nude mice to form solid tumors. Pathological examinations were performed after 8 weeks. Results An epithelial ovarian carcinoma SKOV3 cell line and nude mice models with transfecting mutant gene in FSHR 307 and 680 site were established. Conclusion Establishing an epithelial ovarian carcinoma with transfecting mutant gene in FSHR 307 and 680 site in vitro and in vivo offers two considerable models to explore and treat epithelial ovarian carcinoma by FSH. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects and possible mechanisim of 17α-estradiol on the release ofβ-amyloid protein with the transgenic cell strain APP/PS1 NSUB>2/SUB>a  2012, 43 (6):  772-777.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0529-1356.2012.06.010 Abstract ( )   Objective To investigate the effects of 17α-estradiol (ESUB>2/SUB>α) on the release of β-amyloid protein (Aβ) with the transgenic cells β-amyloid precursor protein（APP）/ presenilin-1（PS1）Neuro-2a (NSUB>2/SUB>a), and explore the potential mechanism of such effect. Methods APP/PS1 NSUB>2/SUB>a cells were pretreated with 10×10SUP>-9/SUP> mol/L Eα for 2 days, then changed the culture medium, and treated with different methods: 1. Cells were treated with either E2α（25 nmol/L, 50 nmol/L, 100 nmol/L, 200 nmol/L）or vehicle, the protein level of Aβ and β-secretase-1（BACE1) both intracellular and extracellular of APP/PS1 N2a cells were detected by Western blotting. 2. Cells were treated with 100 nmol/L E2α, 20 nmol/L glucose and 5 IU glucose oxidase(GOX), followed by exposure to the glucose oxidase (G/Gox) to induce oxidative stress. After 24 hours, the change of the Reactive oxygen species（ROS）contents in APP/PS1 NSUB>2/SUB>a cells was observed for dihydroethidium(DHE). Results The extracellular level of Aβin APP/PS 1 NSUB>2/SUB>a cells treated with various concentration (25 nmol/L,50 nmol/L,100 nmol/L,200 nmol/L/L)ESUB>2/SUB>α were significantly decreased(EM>P/EM> <0.05). There was no change in the intracellular levels of Aβ and the levels of BACE1(EM>P/EM> >0.05). ESUB>2/SUB>α reduced the ROS produced by APP/PS1 NSUB>2/SUB>a cells after G/Gox treatment. Conclusion ESUB>2/SUB>α may reduce the production of extracellular Aβ and its mechanism may be related Related Articles | Metrics

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Role of PI3K/Akt signal pathway in opening mito-KATP to inhibit the expression of FKNin rat myocardium microvascular endothelia cells exposed to hypoxia-reoxygenation 2012, 43 (6):  778-783.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0529-1356.2012.06.011 Abstract ( )   Objective To investigate the role of PI3K/Akt signal pathway in openned mito-KATP inhibit the expression of fractalkine (FKN) in rat myocardium microvascular endothelial cells exposed to hypoxia-reoxygenation. Methods Cardiac microvascular endothelial cells of the SD rat were cultured to establish a hypoxia-reoxygenation model. Twenty-four dishes were randomly divided into 4 groups ( EM>n/EM>=6 each).The normal control group (group N ), the cells of H/R group, diazoxide pretreatment +H/R group (group DZ) and diazoxide pretreatment+LY294002+ H/R group (group DZ+LY294002). BR>The cell vitality, the cell apoptotic rate and expression of Akt, FKN mRNA were detected with MTT. Hoechst dyeing RT-PCR and Western blotting, respectively. Results Compared with group N, the cell vitality significantly decreased ( EM>P /EM><0.01) and the apoptosis rate increased( EM>P/EM> <0.01). The expression of FKN mRNA and protein ( EM>P/EM> <0.01) was up-regulated in H/R group, the expression of Akt mRNA and protein significantly rised ( EM>P /EM><0.05).Compared with group H/R, the cell vitality significantly increased ( EM>P/EM> <0.05), the apoptosis rate significantly decreased (EM>P/EM><0.01).The expression of Akt mRNA and protein( EM>P/EM> <0.01and P <0.05) was up-regulated,fractalkine mRNA and significantly decreased ( EM>P/EM> <0.01) in group DZ. Compared with group DZ, Akt protein and mRNA significantly decreased (EM> P/EM> <0.01), BR>FKN mRNA and protein significantly increased ( EM>P /EM><0.01). Conclusion Openned mito-KATP through the PI3K/Akt signal pathway may regulate downstream of the transcription and expression of fractalkine mRNA inhibit cell apoptosis and improve the proliferation rate to protect the rat cardiac microvascular endothelial cells exposed on hypoxia-reoxygenation. BR Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of 4-phenylbutyric acid on apoptosis of β cells induced by endoplasmic reticulum stress 2012, 43 (6):  784-788.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0529-1356.2012.06.012 Abstract ( )   Objective To evaluate the therapeutic effect of 4-phenylbutyric acid(4-PBA) on endoplasmic reticulum stress of type 2 diabetic (T2DM) rats. Methods To establish a T2DM model in SD rats with injection of low doses streptozotocin(STZ) after being fed with high-fat diets. Ten T2DM rats were treated with 4-PBA for 20 days. The free fatty acids(FFA), insulin and blood glucose were observed by the radioimmunological method.The pathological changes of pancreatic islet were detected by aldehyde fuchsin staining. The level of mRNA of the endoplasmic reticulum stress associated molecules (Caspase-3, GRP78, CHOP) was tested by RT-PCR. Results The concentration of FFA increased significantly in T2DM group ( EM>n/EM>＝8)and high-fat diets group( n＝10) compared with control group( EM>n/EM>＝10). 4-PBA significantly suppressed FFA caused by high-fat diets( EM>n/EM>＝8). The use of the 4-PBA prevented the decrease of insulin in T2DM group and prevented the increase of blood glucose in T2DM group. Aldehyde fuchsin staining showed that, in the T2DM group, the number of pancreatic islet decreased, the shape of pancreatic islet became unreagular, and vacuoles appeared in cytoplasma. The number of pancreatic islet increased after treatment of 4-PBA. The expression of Caspase-3 and CHOP mRNA in T2DM group significantly increased with those in control group and high-fat diets group. Enhanced expression of Caspase-3 and CHOP was decreased by 4-PBA. Conclusion Our data suggest that chemical chaperone 4-PBA may prevent the development of T2DM associated with the decreased expression of the CH Related Articles | Metrics

解剖学

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Clinical anatomy of the facet joint puncture in adult cervical vertebra  2012, 43 (6):  789-791.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0529-1356.2012.06.013 Abstract ( )   Objective To study the type, the angle and the obliquity of facet joints and to identify the approach for the facet joint puncture in adult cervical vertebra. Methods Thirty eight spines of 27 male and 11 female cadavers were used to observe the type and angle of CSUB>2-3/SUB>-C SUB>6-7/SUB>on the transverse section. The obliquity and shape of the facet joint were also studied in 40 adult cadaveric spines. Results The joints in CSUB>2-3/SUB>-C SUB>6-7/SUB> were classified as the plane oval(79.2%) or curved surface(20.8%) types. The joint angles and articular processes were gradually increased from C2-3to C6-7. The obliquities of joint planes were CSUB>3/SUB>＞CSUB>4/SUB>＞CSUB>5/SUB>CSUB>6/SUB>CSUB>7/SUB>, and their values were distributed as a “U” shape. The middle part of the joints was located at the outside of the posterior midline and at the midpoints between spinous processes of cervical vertebra. The distance from the middle part to the posterior midline increased gradually downward from 17.19mm, 17.51mm, 18.76mm, 19.83mm to 20.52mm. The tissue layers during the puncture approach went through skin, superficial fascia, ligamentum nuchae, splenius capitis muscle and the posterior of joint capsule. Conclusion In adult cervical vertebra, facet joint puncture should be performed at the outside (17.2-20.5mm) of the midpoint between corresponding cervical space according to the type, the angle and the obliquity of joint plane. The puncture direction should be caudally tilted at 55°-67°（average 60°）and advanced obliquely Related Articles | Metrics

组织学胚胎学发育生物学

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Changes of expression of Postsynaptic density protein 95 and synaptic parameters in the diabetic rat retina  2012, 43 (6):  792-795.  doi: 0529-1356.2012.06.014 Abstract ( )   Objective The purpose of this study is to observe changes of expression of postsynaptic density protein 95(PSD95) and synaptic parameters in the diabetic rat retina. Methods Fifty-six 3 months old male rats were randomly divided into the streptozotocin (STZ)-treated and control groups in which STZ or equal quantity of the citric acid-sodium citrate buffer was intraperitoneally injected. After 4, 8, and 12 weeks, the eyeballs were removed and immediately immersed in the 4% paraformaldehyde for 2 hours. Horizontal cryostat sections of 20μm thickness were cut. Expression of PSD95 protein was examined by immunohistochemistory, and morphological changes of synaptic parameters were observed under a transmission electron microscope. The staining results were observed under a microscope and analyzed by RS IMAGE software. Results In the STZ-treated group, the expression of PSD95 in the rat retina was significantly increased in comparison with that in the control group (12weeks: EM>P/EM> <0.05). Length of the postsynaptic density (PSD) and cleft width were significantly increased (12weeks: EM>P /EM><0.05), and thickness of the PSD was decreased in comparison with that in the control group (12weeks: EM>P /EM><0.01). Conclusion The changes of expression of PSD95 protein and synaptic parameters in the STZ-induced diabetic rat retina are related with diabetic retinopathy Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of diethylstilbestrol on the expression of thyroid stimulating hormone receptor in mice lymphoid nodes  2012, 43 (6):  796-801.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0529-1356.2012.06.015 Abstract ( )   Objective To investigate the expression of thyroid stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) in lymphoid nodes of BALB/c mice and in the mice treated with diethylstilbestrol (DES) during the neonatal period, and to explore the possible sources of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) expressed in the lymphoid nodes and the possible mechanism of the effect of DES on the expression of TSH.Methods Neonatal BALB/c mice whose weight discrepancies were less than 5% were divided randomly into a control group and a DES group. A total of 120 mice(30 pairs of females and 30 pairs of males) were chosen. Within 24 hours after birth, the mice in the DES group were injected subcutaneously at the cervix-backside with DES at intervals of 24 hours for 5 times, and the mice in the control group were injected with germfree bean oil using the same method. Mice were killed on postnatal day 7, 14, 21, 35, 49 and 63. 5 pairs of female mice and 5 pairs of male mice at each time point. Deep cervical lymph nodes were taken out, embedded in paraffin and sliced serially in a thickness of 4μm. The expression of TSHR in the lymphoid nodes was detected by immunohistochemistry technique. Results In both control and DES groups, TSHR positive cells were present in lymphoid nodes from postnatal day 7 to day 63. In female mice, the expression of TSHR reached peak on day 49 and in male mice on day 35. At each the same time point, the average absorbance (AEM>A/EM>) and the integrate absorbance (IEM>A/EM>) of TSHR expression were higher in the DES group than those in the control group. In female mice, statistic differences were showed in both AA and IEM>A/EM> between the two groups at all the time points, and in male mice statistic differences were showed in AEM>A/EM> on day 14, 21, 35 and 49 and in IA on day 14, 21, 35, 49 and 63 between the two groups. Conclusion TSHR positive cells are present in all the lymphoid nodes of both female and male BALB/c mice at all the detected time points. This suggests that the lymphocytes in lymphoid nodes of BALB/c mice during the postnatal period may have the receptor foundation of combing TSH which comes from antehypophysis. Expossure to DES during the neonatal period may lead an increased TSHR expression in lymphoid nodes of BALB/c mice, particularly in female mice. The effect of DES on the expression of TSHR in lymphocytes of both female and male mice may last up to adulthood of the mouse at least. Related Articles | Metrics

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Coupling of heart outflow tract morphogenesis with development of pulmonary endoderm in mouse embryo  2012, 43 (6):  802-806.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0529-1356-2012.06.016 Abstract ( )   Objective To explore the morphological relationship of the pulmonary endoderm with the primary heart field (PHF), the second heart field (SHF) and the heart outflow tract during early development of mouse embryonic heart. Methods Serial sections of three mouse embryos each day from embryonic day(ED) 7.5 to embryonic day(ED) 13 were stained immunohistochemically or immunofluorescently with antibodies against insulin gene enhancer binding protein (Islet-1，ISL-1), myosin heavy chain (MHC),α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), Nkx2.5 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). Results At ED7.5, ISL-1 positive cells in the cardiogenic plate were continuous with that of the developing SHF. From ED10 to ED13, ISL-1 positive pulmonary endoderm cells showed strong proliferation, irregular arrangement, loss the polarity with apparent intercellular space and changed to mesenchyme-like cells without obvious border with surrounding ISL-1 positive mesenchyme. Local proliferation of endoderm cells adjacent closely to the dorsal wall of aortic sac resulted in the formation of solid endoderm cord that extended towards aortic sac. Ventral to the foregut, ISL-1 positive mesenchyme cells surrounding the pulmonary endoderm and endoderm cord formed a distinctive cone-shaped structure. Conclusion PHF and SHF is a continuum and ISL-1 is an early marker for cardiac precursor cells in both structures. Pulmonary endoderm cells and the endoderm cord might play roles in inducing proliferation of ISL-1 positive cells or might transform to mesenchymal cells via epithelium-mesenchyme transition to maintain certain cell density of S Related Articles | Metrics

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Expression of MAPK/ERK1 and STAT3 in a cystitis glandularis modelof rats induced by exposure to lipopolysaccharide  2012, 43 (6):  807-812.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0529-1356.2012.06.017 Abstract ( )   Objective To determine the expression of mitogen activated protein kinase /extracellular signal regulated kinase 1(MAPK/ERK1) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3(STAT3) in cystitis glandularis (CG) models of rats induced by exposure to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Methods Twenty-four female Sprague-Dawley rats were used, 10 of which were catheterized and intravesically exposed to LPS for 8 weeks. Immunohistochemistry, RT-PCR and Western blotting methods were used to demonstrate the expression of ERK1 and STAT3 in sections of cystitis glandularis. Results Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that ERK1 and STAT3 were more intensive induced by LPS than those in the control. The relative expression of ERK1 and STAT3 of transcription were 1.99±0.12 and 1.71±0.08, respectively. 〖WTHZ〗Conclusion The increased ERK1 and STAT3 suggest that MAPK/ERK1-STAT signaling pathway may participate the pathological process of CG induced by LPS in r Related Articles | Metrics

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Influence of heroin withdrawal and relapse on testicular epidermal growth factor, chromogranin A immunoreactive cells and serum FSH,LH level in rats 2012, 43 (6):  813-817.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0529-1356.2012.06.018 Abstract ( )   Objective To study the changes of testicular epidermal growth factor (EGF), chromogranin A(CgA)immunoreactive(IR) cells, and the changes of serum follicle-stimulating hormone（FSH）, luteinizing hormone（LH） level in rats during heroin withdrawal, methadone detoxification and heroin relapse, in order to investigate the mechanisms. Methods Sixty-three adult male SD rats were randomly divided into normal control group (NCG), saline control group (SCG),and experiment group (EG). The rats in the EG group were divided into heroin withdrawal group (HWG), methadone detoxication group (MDG) and heroin relapse group (HRG). Serum was obtained via heart puncture, and the testis was excised soon after heart puncture. Immunohistochemical SABC method, image analysis, and radioimmunoassay were used. Results Compared with NCG and SCG, the mean gray value of EGF-IR cells drawdown in HWG, and revived after the treatment of methadone but still at a high secretion state. In HRG the mean gray value of EGF-IR cells was increased. Compared with NCG and SCG, the mean gray value of CgA-IR cells was declined in HWG, which restored after methadone disposal. In HRG, the immune staining intensity of CgA-IR cells declined. Serum LH levels in HWG and HRG were at a low level, but FSH had no statistically significant in the whole process. Conclusion The testis secretion of EGF,CgA and serum LH level was changed during heroin withdrawal and relapse. The results suggest that the testis secretion of EGF,CgA and serum LH may participate in the process of body adjusting during heroin withdrawal, methadone detoxication and heroin relapse per Related Articles | Metrics

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Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and Thrombospondin-1 in rat thoracic aortic aneurysm  2012, 43 (6):  818-821.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0529-1356.2012.06.019 Abstract ( )   Objective To investigate the expression and significance of vascular endothelial growth factor（VEGF）and thrombospondin-1（TSP-1）in the experimental rat thoracic aortic aneurysm. Methods Thirty adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into two groups: sham group and operated group. The thoracic aortic aneurysm model was induced by CaClSUB>2/SUB> . The thoracic aortic segments were collected at 4 weeks after surgery. HE staining and Orcein staining were used to observe histological changes in the thoracic aorta. Immunohistochemistry and Western blotting were performed to detect the expressions of VEGF and TSP-1 in the wall of aneurysm. Results Immunohistochemistry staining results showed that VEGF was mainly located in the tunica media and tunica adventitia in the aortic aneurysm and there was few positive staining in the control group. TSP-1 was located in the normal aorta but the positive staining in the aneurysm was weak. Western blotting results indicated that the expression level of VEGF in the aortic aneurysm was stronger than the control, while the expression level of TSP-1 was weaker than the control. Conclusion Both TSP-1 and VEGF participate in the pathogenesis of thoracic aortic aneurysm. They may be the key factors in the new vessel formation of aortic aneury Related Articles | Metrics

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Expression of osteopontin in mouse oviduct during the estrous cycle and early pregnancy 2012, 43 (6):  822-825.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0529-1356.2012.06.020 Abstract ( )   Objective To investigate expression of osteopontin (OPN) in the mouse oviduct during the estrous cycle and early pregnancy. Methods A total of 70 female and 15 male mice of Kunming white strains were used in this study. Immunohistochemistry and image analysis were employed to detect and analyze the localization and expression of OPN in the mouse oviduct during the estrous cycle, pregnant and pseudopregnant from day 1 to 5, respectively. Results Throughout the estrous cycle, the OPN immunostaining of mouse oviduct epithelium was positive. The average absorbance (AEM>A/EM>) of OPN in oviduct epithelium was the highest in the estrus stage, and the lowest in the diestrus stage. The OPN immunostaining was positive throughout day 1 to 5 of pregnancy and pseudopregnancy. The expression of OPN reached peak on day 4 of pregnancy. There were significant differences in the same day between the pregnancy and the pseudopregnancy in the AEM>A/EM> value of OPN druing day 3 to 5 (EM>P /EM>< 0.05,EM> P/EM> < 0.01, EM>P/EM> < 0.05). Conclusion The expresses of OPN in the mouse oviduct epithelium may be regulated by estrogen during the estrous cycle, which is regulated by estrogen and preimplantation embryos during early pregnancy. Related Articles | Metrics

人类学

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Circumference and its variation with age of rural adults of Xiang dialect group 2012, 43 (6):  826-831.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0529-1356.2012.06.021 Abstract ( )   Objective To study the circumference and its variation with age of rural adults in Xiang dialect group.Methods Using random sampling method to measure the circumference values of Xiang dialect group with 410 adults (196 males,214 females)，including the circumference values of head,neck,chest, inspiratory chest circumference values, expiratory chest circumference values, and the circumference values of abdomen,hip,thigh,calf, biceps,fore-arm, Maximum biceps.To analysis the changes of circumference values of different age groups, and then make a comparison of the circumference values of 19 nationalities in China using method of cluster analysis. Results The result of variance analysis showed that there were significant differences between the male and female 11 circumference values (exception of the head circumference ), among age groups. A linear correlation analysis showed, male chest circumference, expiratory chest circumference, abdominal circumference were positively associated with age.,while head, neck, thigh, calf circumference were negatively associated with age.Female chest circumference, inspiration chest circumference, expiration chest circumference, abdomen circumference,and biceps circumference,were positively associated with age. Abdomen, hip, thigh circumference values did not show any significant difference between sex. There was a significant difference among the remaining 9 circumference values in gender, and male’s was significantly higher than that of female. Conclusion Circumference values of rural adult in Xiang dialect group have a significant difference in both of different age groups and gende Related Articles | Metrics

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Somatotype of Han in urban areas of Xiang dialect group  2012, 43 (6):  832-836.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0529-1356.2012.06.022 Abstract ( )   Objective To study the somatotypes of Han in urban areas of Hu’nan. Methods The Heath-Carter method was used to study the adult somatotype of 320 adults (157 males and 163 females) of Han in Shuangfeng city of Hu’nan province. Results The mean somatotype values of the urban males and females were 4.3-5.1-1.7 and 5.4-4.7-1.4 in Xiang dialect group, which respresented the endomorphic-mesomorphy category in males and mesomorphic-endomorphy category in females. Urban males’endomorphy and mesomorphy reached the highest values in 40-49 age group, ectomorphy reached the highest values in 20-29 age group. In city females the values of Endomorph and Mesomorph increased with age, reached the highest value in over 60- age group, Ectomorph reached the highest value in 20-29 age group. The top of somatotypes frequency were endomorphic mesomorph category, endomorph-mesomorph category and mesomorph endomorphic category. The somatotype of urban males was close to those of Mongol, Ewenki, Canadian and far away from Zhuang, Manus. The somatotype of urban females was close to those of Ewenki,Daur and far away from Zhuang, Gelao,Manus. Conclusion City adults of Xiang dialect group have the common chararters of somatotype with north China typ Related Articles | Metrics

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Physical characteristics of Cantonese Han people in Guangdong 2012, 43 (6):  837-845.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0529-1356.2012.06.023 Abstract ( )   Objective To study the physical characteristics of Cantonese Han people. Methods In Maoming area of Guangdong province, eighty-three physical characteristics of 454 urban adults (195 males and 257 females) and 839 rural adults (347 males and 492 females) of Han were investigated. Twenty-four physical indices and their distributions were calculated and analyzed. Results The percentage of the eye fold of the upper eyelid and the percentage of the mongoloid fold were low. The eye slits were thin, and in direction of them, external angles were mostly higher than internal angles. The nasal root height was of medium-type. The nasal profile was straight. The nasal base was level. The height and breadth of alae nasi and the height of the upper lip skin were of medium-type. The maximal diameter of nostrils was horizontal. Thickness of lips was thin. Hair color was black and eye color was black brown or brown. Skin color was darker for males than that of females. Typical physical characteristics of Cantonese Han in Guangdong were mesocephalic types and hypsicephalic, leptocephalic,mesorrhiny, mesoprosopy or leptoprosopy, long trunk, subbrachyskelic type to mesatiskelic type. In addition, males were medium chest circumference, medium or broad distance between iliac crests, and females were broad chest circumference and narrow distance between iliac crests. Regarding the typical stature, the urban men were high-sized stature, the rural men were medium or sub-middle stature, and females were sub-middle stature. Conclusion The physical characteristics of Cantonese Han people in Guangdong are close to that of the Han people in Jiangxi with part of physical characteristics of the North ethnic groups. Related Articles | Metrics

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Somatotype characteristics in Heilongjiang Oroqen adults 2012, 43 (6):  846-849.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0529-1356.2012.06.024 Abstract ( )   Objective To study somatotype characteristics in Heilongjiang Oroqen adults.Methods The somatotypes of 157 Oroqen adults (male 75, female 82 cases)were evaluated using the Heath-Carter anthropometric method.Results The mean somatotype in males was endomorphmesomorph category(4.3-5.1-1.7),and was meso-endomorph category(6.3-5.0-0.9) in females. Concentrated distribution of the somatotype appeared in the male and female.They were mainly in meso-endomorph, endomorph-mesomorph and endo-mesorph. Ectomorphy factor of the male was slender and the females had more body fat . The somatotypes of Oroqen males were the same to that of females. Compared with other groups from overseas, the endomorphy factor and mesomorphy factor of somatotypes of the Oroqen were higher and ectomorphy factor was lower . The somatotypes of the male were close with Canadian, and those of the female were close with the US Eskimos and Han nationality in Liaoning, but far from Zhuang and Manus people . Conclusion Oroqen adults have a strong physique，skeletal muscle developed,but their somatotypes are a little overweighted and linearity is relatively poo Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysing the fat distribution characteristics of Han adults in Liaoning by bioelectrical impedance method 2012, 43 (6):  850-854.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0529-1356.2012.06.025 Abstract ( )   Objective To obtain the fat base value and the fat distribution characteristics of Han adults in Liaoning by measuring their fat content with a bioelectrical impedance method.Methods We randomly selected 1034 healthy adults whose parents are Han in Liaoning (379 males, 655 females). They had signed the informed consent. We detected all subjects with the body composition analyzer and concluded the total fat, to fat weight, visceral fat level, left upper limb (left lower limb, right upper limb, right lower limb, trunk) fat content, then worked out the body fat ratio, and left upper limbs (left lower limb, right upper limb, right lower limb, trunk) fat ratio. All the collected data were analyzed with SPSS (statistical software) and processed by independent sample t test and variance analysis. Results In the majority, the total (limbs or trunk) fat content of males was lower than females ( EM>P /EM><0.01), while male visceral fat level was obviously higher than females (EM> P/EM> <0.01). In males, the total and each part fat content increased with age, which were two peaks, one in 40 age group,and another in 60 and above age group. The male visceral fat level was in a growing state all the times. In females, the total fat content and upper limbs and trunk fat content were increasing all the times, and the lower limbs fat content’s peak was in 50 age group. Female visceral fat level was in rising trend except 50 age group. Conclusion The male total fat and trunk, limb fat contents of Han nationality adults in Liaoning were lower than females, but the male visceral fat level was higher than females. Liaoning Han adult fat content changed with age, and the general was rising, but it was somewhat different in different genders or different parts. Related Articles | Metrics

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Physical characteristics of Han in Hainan  2012, 43 (6):  855-863.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0529-1356.2012.06.026 Abstract ( )   Objective To report the somatotype characteristic of urban and rural Han in Qionghai and Wanning，Hainan. Methods Eighty-six physical characteristics of 310 urban adults (160 males and 150 females) of Han were investigated in Qionghai of Hainan and 323 rural adults (174 males and 159 females) of Han were investigated in the town Longgun in Wanning. Thirty-three physical indices and the distributions of indices were calculated. The comparisons were made among the Han in Hainan and some other nationalities in China. The physical characteristics of Han in Hainan was analysed perliminarily. Results 1.The Han nationality in Hainan had main characteristics largely such as: the high percentage of eye fold of the upper eyelid; the low percentage of mongoloid fold; the opening height of eyeslits was narrow type; outside corner of eye was higher than inside corner; the nasal root height was medium type; the nasal profile was straight type; the nasal base was upwarptype; zygomatic projection was lower;the height of alae nasi ismedium type; the maximal diameter of nostrils was obliquity type; the breadth of alae nasi was higher than that was between inside corner of eye; the lobe types was round type; the upper lip skin height was medium type; the thickness of lips was between thin type and medium type, the thick type was rare; black hair color; brown eye color and yellow skin color. 2.Among the nationalities of China, the breadth of head and face was higher; the auricular height was high but the head length was low; the head type was round; the nose was tall and wide, the main characteristics of head and face were closer to nationalities of the North Asian type, while some characteristics were quite similar to nationalities of the South Asian type. 3.The stature of Hainan Han was close to the North Asian type; the breadth was between the North Asian type’s and the south Asian type’s, the breadth of female was closer to the South Asian type’s. The index of physical characteristics was between the North Asian type’s and the South Asian type’s, which was much closer to the South Asian type’s.4.Compare with the data of thirteen physical characteristics investigated by WU Ru-kang in 1987,head length,mouth breadth,interocularn breadth,breadth of shoulders were similar in both investigations, the other nine physical characteristics were higher than that of the investigation in 1987. Conclusion The physical characteristics of Han in Hainan was closer to nationalities of the North Asian type of China, while some indexes and indices were between the North Asian and the south Asian type’s or closer to nationalities of the South Asia Related Articles | Metrics

技术方法

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Replacing absolute ethanolxylene by n-butanol during preparation of sections of whole rat embryos at different gestational ages  2012, 43 (6):  864-867.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0529-1356.2012.06.027 Abstract ( )   Objective To explore a simple method to replace absolute ethanol and xylene with n-butanol for preparation of sections of whole rat embryos at different gastational ages. Methods Embryonic day (E) 14, 16, 18, 20 rat embryos were collected and fixed. After dehydration in low concentrations of the ethanol, some embryos were treated with the traditional absolute ethanol-xylene method in which absolute ethanol and xylene were used for dehydration and clearing, and other embryos were further dehydrated and cleared with the n-butanol method. Then, all the embryos were embedded in paraffin, cut on a microtome, and stained with hematoxylin-eosin. The quality of embedded blocks and embryo sections was compared and evaluated. Results Compared with the absolute ethanol-xylene method for preparation of whole rat embryo sections, the n-butanol method was more simple, and easier to control the time in the whole processes. Moreover, the embryos treated with n-butanol had better cutting performance and higher quality in morphological preservation of the hepatic tissue. Conclusion As a simple, safe and reliable method, the n-butanol method can replace the absolute ethanol-xylene method for preparation of whole rat embryo sections. Related Articles | Metrics

综述

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Susceptibility weighted imaging in the internal cerebral vein and its tributaries 2012, 43 (6):  868-872.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0529-1356.2012.06.028 Abstract ( )   Susceptibility weighted imaging(SWI) is a method using magnetizable rate differences between different organizations to attain image contrast. The deoxidizing hemoglobin of the vein is paramagnetic and is a good endogenous enhancement contrast agent, so SWI has special sensitivity for the veins. SWI can detect less than an individual element of the venule (200~300μm). The application of this new technology will improve the detection rate of delitescent brain diseases greatly. Understanding of the normal anatomy structure is necessary for disease diagnosis.This article reviews the principle and technology of the SWI for the venous system and the related clinical research, combined with the results of microvascular perfusion method and magnetic resonance venography (MRV) technology on the internal cerebral vein (ICV) and its tributaries, in order to explore the feasibility of using SWI to establish the atlas of ICV and its tributaries and to provide guidance for clinical diagnosis and treatment Related Articles | Metrics