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2013, Volume 44 Issue 1
06 February 2013 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Expression of embryonic stem cell-associated factor Nanog in gliomas and its significance 2013, 44 (1 ):  1-5.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0529-1356.2013.01.001 Abstract ( )   Objective To explore the expression of embryonic stem cell-associated factor Nanog in human gliomas and its significance. Methods Forty cases of human gliomas were examined. The expression of Nanog was analysed by immunohistochemistry, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting.Double immunofluorescence staining was used to investigate the coexpression of Nanog and markers of cancer stem cells or embryonic stem cell pluripotency-related gene Oct4. Results We found a positive correlation between the expression levels of Nanog and tumour malignancy. Immunohistochemistry showed that Nanogexpressed in both the nuclei and the cytoplasm of glioma cells. Double immunofluorescence staining revealed that more than 50% of Nanog-positive cells coexpressed the putative CSC markers CD133 and Nestin. More than 95% Nanog positive cells also expressed embryonic stem cell pluripotency-related gene Oct4. Conclusion The result suggests that Nanog is mainly expressed in cancer stem cells in gliomas and positively correlated with the malignancy of gliomas. Nanog may play an important role in the progress of gliomas. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Mouse Cajal-Retzius cells’histogenesis and expression of the cell cycle-related proteins JIN Hai-xiao,FU Xing,KONG Wei-fang,MA Zhan-you, GAO Wen-jing, DENG Jin-bo* 2013, 44 (1 ):  6-12.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0529-1356.2013.01.002 Abstract ( )   Objective To study Cajal-Retzius (CR) cells’ histogenesis and their expressions of cell cycle-related proteins in mouse. Methods Total 83 mice were used. Immunofluorescent labeling and BrdU assay were carried out at various embryonic and postnatal ages. Results 1. The birthday of CR cells was at about embryonic day 10 (E10) or 11 (E11). CR cells mainly distributed in the molecular layer of neocortex and hippocampus. Their number decreased with age increasing. 2.From E15 to adult, Cyclin A2, Cyclin E1, and CDT1 were expressed continuously in CR cells, but there was no any expression of Cyclin D1 in CR cells. Conclusion CR cells are important in the brain development. The decrease of CR cells with development is correlative with the activity of the neocortical development. CR cells in neocortex have been probably exited out cell cycle and steped in the G0 phase. If the CR cells split again, they will apoptosis because of their axons can not absorb and reversetransport the neurotrophic factors. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Lamination of mouse retina and the neural stem cell proliferation and differentiation KONG Wei-fang,ZHOU Jie,JIN Hai-xiao,XUE Shuai,DENG Jin-bo 2013, 44 (1 ):  13-18.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0529-1356.2013.01.003 Abstract ( )   Objective To investigate the retina neural stem cell proliferation and the differentiatiation of bipolar cells, the histogenesis and lamination of mouse retina. Methods The immunofluorescent labeling, BrdU detection and HE staining were carried out in the study. BrdU and PKC-α positive cells from embryonic and postnatal retina were measured, and the regression analyses and statistical tests were performed. Results 1. In the early embryonic days, the pigment epithelium, neuroblastoma layer were visualized. After birth, neuroblastoma layer gradually developed into different layers of retina, and the fully developed retina was observed at the age of eye opening. 2. The stem cells in the retina proliferated and differentiated into various types of cells during the embryonic days, and the proliferation slowed down after birth. With statistical analysis, we found that the number of retinal stem cells gradually increased during the embryonic period and reached the peak at P0. After birth, the neural stem cell started to differentiate, therefore their number reduced gradually. 3. Mouse retinal bipolar cells appeared at P5, and they did not mature until P20. Conclusion The neuroblastoma layer plays an important role in the lamination of retina, and the maturity of retinal morphology is consistent with its functions. The neural stem cell proliferation and differentiation reach their peaks at the neonate day, and the stem cells gradually differentiate into different cell types. In the adult, there are neural stem cells only in the ciliary body, suggesting their repair function after birth. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Detection and identification of neural stem cells in area postrema of adult rats LI Li,MA Chang-sheng,LI Yue,HAO Qing-mao*,CAO Cui-li,ZHANG Zhi-qin,WANG Li-tao 2013, 44 (1 ):  19-24.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0529-1356.2013.01.004 Abstract ( )   Objective To observe the expression and distribution of SRY-related high-mobility-group-box-protein 2(SOX2), Nestin and BrdU positive cells in area postrema. Methods A total of 12 healthy 6-8 weeks old male SD rats were used in this study, 6 of which were treated with intraperitoneal injections of bromodeoxyuridine(BrdU), 50 mg/kg（0.3ml), two times a day for three days and other 6 were used as the control and treated with saline. After conventional heart perfusion, area postrema was detected by immunohistochemical staining and immunofluorescence staining for SOX2, Nestin and BrdU positive cells. Results Immunohistochemical staining indicated that SOX2 positive cells showed V shape distribution in the ventral part of area postrema. On the subpial of the back side, the dense cells were found with a zonal distribution. In the central part of area postrema, the positive cells were scattered and stained lighter. Nestin positive cells in the ventral part of area postrema showed V shape strongly positive color. Nestin showed weakly positive color in the central department of area postrema. The area postrema was visible with a small amount of BrdU positive cells. The SOX2 positive cells of area postrema were concentrated and shown the shape of the letter V in the ventral part. The cells were the divergence in expression in the central part. The visible positive expression of Nestin cells showed the shape of V distribution in the area postrema. Its positive immunoreactive products were granular and filaments. Immunofluorescence double staining demonstrated that in the SOX2 /BrdU fluorescence double staining specimen, SOX2 positive cells were densely distributed. Among the dense SOX2 positive cells, a small amount of SOX2/BrdU positive cells were scattered. In SOX2/Nestin fluorescence double staining specimens, SOX2 positive cells were densely distributed. The scattered distribution of SOX2/Nestin positive cells was seen in dense SOX2 positive cells. Conclusion SOX2 and Nestin positive cells show concentrated expression in area postrema. The positive cells in the ventral part show the shape of V dense distribution. BrdU labeled cells and SOX2/BrdU and SOX2/Nestin double labeled cells are visible in area postrema. These may support the existence of neural stem/progenitor cells in area postrema.  References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Role of tetrahydroxy stilbene glucoside on histone deacetylase 1 level in cerebral ischemic-reperfusion injury in gerbils CHEN Xiao-yu,WANG Dong,LIU Xiao-li,CHEN Xiao-rong,LI Jun* 2013, 44 (1 ):  25-29.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0529-1356.2013.01.005 Abstract ( )   bjective To investigate the role of tetrahydroxy stilbene glucoside(TSG) on histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) level in cerebral ischemic-reperfusion (I/R) injury in gerbils. Methods Sixty-four gerbils were randomly divided into four groups: sham group,model control group, TSG treatment group and the positive control medicine of edaravone injection group. The functions of learning and memory were detected by Morris water maze after 7 days. The cerebral infarction of protective action was investigated by nerve function score and triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining. The protein and mRNA level of HDAC1 were detected by the immunohistochemical SP, Western blotting and RT-PCR methods. Results Compared with the model group, TSG had protective effect on ischemia reperfusion of the brain. TSG significantly enhanced the ability of learning and memory in I/R injury model gerbils. The protein expression and mRNA level of HDAC1 were significantly increased after TSG treatment in I/R injury model mice. Conclusion TSG has positively protective and therapeutic effect on cerebral I/R injury in gerbils. Its mechanism may be relevant with maintaining the homeostasis of histone acetylation and deacetylation. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Expression of microtubule-associated protein and apoptosis in amygdala of depressional rats WANG Hai-tao*,LIU Hao,XU Ai-jun,KAN Quan,LI Ran 2013, 44 (1 ):  30-33.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0529-1356.2013.01.006 Abstract ( )   Objective To observe the change of phosphorylated microtubule-associated protein expression and the neuronal apoptosis in amygdala of depression model rats, and study the mechanism of the disease. Methods Twenty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into control group and model group. The depression animal model was produced by giving rats chronic unpredicted mild stress. The depressional behavior was examined by using sucrose preference test, tail-suspension test and Morris water maze. The expression of pMAP-2 protein was detected by using Western blotting and the apoptosis was observed under a transmission electron microscope. Results Change in body weight (%) and preference of sucrose of the model group rats were significantly lower, while the tail-suspension immobility and the escape latency time were longer than those of the control group rats ( P <0.05). The expression of pMAP-2 protein of the model group was higher than that of the control group ( P <0.05). Apoptosis increased in amygdala neurons of the model group rats. Conclusion The enhanced neuronal apoptosis in amygdala of depression may be due to the enhanced phosphorylated microtubule-associated protein expression. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Establishment and characterization of mouse induced pluripotent stem cells as a general research resource FENG Hai-liang,YANG Zhen-li, ZHANG Hong,LIU Yu-qin* 2013, 44 (1 ):  34-38.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0529-1356.2013.01.007 Abstract ( )   Objective To establish a cell bank of mouse induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), which would be a useful resource for the research of stem cells and iPSCs. Methods C57BL/6J mouse embryonic fibroblasts were transfected with lentivirus with Sox2, Oct4, Klf4 and c-Myc. Twelve days after viral infection, mouse iPSCs clones were picked and expanded, the alkaline phosphatase (AP) was stained. The iPSCs were hanging cultured in vitro and subcutaneously inoculated into BABL/c nude mice. All-trans retinoic acid (RA) was introduced to the media to induce smooth muscle cell (SMC) differentiation of iPSCs, and SMC-specific gene (smMHC and SMA) expression were measured by RT-PCR analyses. PCR method was employed for species identification and detection of mycoplasma. Results Twelve AP positive mouse iPSCs clonal strains were picked and expanded, and 9 of them formed teratomas in BALB/c nude mice. HE staining of the teratoma showed various types of tissues. RT-PCR of iPSCs in RA media showed positive expression of smMHC and SMA. The iPSCs clonal strains were identified as murine species, without mycoplasma contamination was found, and were deposited by cell resource center. Conclusion A model of mouse iPSCs was successfully established, which may provide available resources for reprogramming and directed differentiation mechanism research of ES cells and iPSCs. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Histogenesis and cellular apoptosis of the mouse cornea  LI Xue,WANG Qiang,CHEN Wen-jing, LIU Bin,DENG Jin-bo* 2013, 44 (1 ):  39-43.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0529-1356.2013.01.008 Abstract ( )   Objective Our aim was to observe the histogenesis, cellular proliferation and apoptosis of the mouse cornea. Methods A total of 120 mice were used in the study. HE staining and DAPI staining were used to observe the general structure of the mouse cornea. Brdu detetion and immunofluorescent labeling were carried out to study corned proliferating cell, stem cells apoptic cells. Caspase-8 immunofluorescent staining was uesd to detect corneal apoptotic cells. Results During embryonic development and early postnatal stage, the stroma layer was observed in the developing cornea. About P14, the corneal epithelial cell layer began to proliferate and differentiate into two layers, with differentiation of endothelial cells. At P30 the six-layer structure of the cornea was identified. BrdU positive cells were mainly located in fibroblasts of the stroma layer and observed in the corneal epithelial and endothelial cell layers after birth. With the development of the cornea, at about P10, the BrdU-positive cells existed only in the corneal epithelial cell layer and disappeared in other layers.PCNA-positive cells were scattered in all layers of the cornea during the early development and distributed evenly in the basal corneal epithelial cell layer after P14. Apoptosis of cells was observed at every layer during early corneal development. Conclusion Corneal development is consistent with the formation of its photoreceptor function, and corneal stem cell proliferation is related to its structural repair. A large number of apoptotic cells are involved in the structural remodeling of the cornea. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of coenzyme Q10 on mitochondrial permeability transition of regenerating hepatocytes in rats ZHAI Xin-hui LAI Xiao-hai WU Qing-hua ZHAO Ai-jing XU Cun-shuan * 2013, 44 (1 ):  44-48.  Abstract ( )   Objective  Effects of coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) on mitochondrial permeability transition(MPT) of regenerating hepatocytes in rats were surveyed in this paper. Methods 120 Sprague-Dawely female rats were randomized to receive three different doses of CoQ10 by gastric lavage daily starting on the day of partial hepatectomy (PH). The rats were killed at different times and the livers were processed for mitochondrial suspension, which was tested with or without Ca 2+ induction by using spectrophotometer. Results During 6-48hours after PH, the mitochondrial permeability of the group treated with high dose（60mg/kg CoQ10）was much lower than that of the control group. The group treated with low dose（6mg/kg CoQ10）was much lower than the control at 48 hours only. However, no statistically significant difference was found among all the groups at 72 hours after PH and later; The mitochondrial permeability of each group was enhanced along with time after the mitochondrial suspension was induced by calcium ion, but the variation of the group treated with CoQ10 was less than the control during 6-48 hours after PH. Conclusion Treating with proper dose of CoQ10 may reduce the mitochondrial permeability of regenerating hepatocytes; the effects mainly take place at the phase of cell proliferation. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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TGF-β1 induced bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into cardiomyocyte -like cells Lü Yang，WANG Hai-ping*，LIU Bo，WU Zhi-gang，HUO Yan-li，GAO Chen-wei 2013, 44 (1 ):  49-54.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0529-1356.2013.01.010 Abstract ( )   Objective To explore the effect of the differentiation of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) into cardiomyocyte-like cells in vitro using different concentrations of TGF-β1(transforming growth factor beta1). Methods BMSCs of the SD rat were isolated and cultured from rat bone marrow, then the 2nd-generation BMSCs were induced by 2, 5, 10, 15μg/L TGF-β1 for 72 hours. The cultured cells were observed under a phase-contrast microscope. The immunohistochemical technique was used to examine the expression of desmin,α-sarcomeric actin, cTnT and Cx43. The laser scanning confocal microscope (LSCM) was used for the expression of α-sarcomeric actin and cTnT. GATA-4 and α-myosin heavy chain (α-MHC) expression were detected by relative quantitative RT-PCR after 7, 21, 28 days of induction respectively. Results 1.The morphous of BMSCs cell was different in each treatment group. BMSCs after being induced by 2, 15μg/L TGF-β1 on 7days were the same as the control group. BMSCs induced by 5μg/L TGF-β1 on 28 days showed a fusiform shape, orientating with one accord, forming myotubule-like structure. The morphous of BMSCs after being induced by 10μg/L TGF-β1 was the same as the 5μg/L group, but the number of cells was relatively small. 2. BMSCs induced by different concentrations of TGF-β1 on 28 days were identified by the positive staining for desmin, α-sarcomeric actin and Cx43. The positive rates were higher than that of the control group. 3. The rate of cTnT-positive cells in the 5μg/L treatment group was greater than that of the 15μg/L treatment group (P =0.000) and the 2μg/L treatment group(P =0.028). The number in the control group was lower than that of the treatment groups(P <0.01). 4. Under LSCM after immunoflurescence labeling, we found that bright red fluorescence in the cytoplasm was observed in the α-sarcomeric actinpositive cells, green fluorescence in the cytoplasm was in the cTnT-positive cells while the part that overlaps was yellow. 5.RT-PCR assessment showed that the differentiated cells began to express GATA-4 from day 7 to day 28 of differentiation and began to express α-MHC from day 21 to day 28 of differentiation. Conclusion TGF-β1 may induce BMSCs to acquire cardiogenic phenotype and 5μg/L is a suitable induced concentration. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Biological phenotype of rabbit adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells and their differentiated potentiality on myocardiocyte-like cell YAN Xiao-bin,LI Qiong,GUO Zhi-kun*,QI Li-jie,LUO Huan-huan,LI He 2013, 44 (1 ):  55-61.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0529-1356.2013.01.011 Abstract ( )   Objective To identify biological phenotypes of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells（ADMSCs）of rabbits and their differentiation potentiality for myocardiocyte-like cells. Methods ADMSCs were isolated, digested and cultured from scapular subcutaneous adipose tissue of adult rabbits and their morphology was observed. The third passage of ADMSCs were stained by surface markers CD29, CD34, CD44 as well as CD105 using immunocytochemistry and single-,double-,and tri-labelled immunofluorescence. ADMSCs were induced by 5-aza for seven days， and then the Troponin-I and myosin heavy chain (MHC) expressions were examined with immunocytochemistry and immunofluorescence simultaneously. The expression cells were observed and counted under a light microscope and a laser confocal scanning microscopy. Results ADMSCs were round at beginning, and gradually extended, and showed multiplicity at the end. Over 90% cells were positive for CD29, CD44 and CD105 markers. Furthermore, those three markers were co-expressed in cytoplasm of ADMSCs. CD34 was negative in all cells. The Troponin-I (70.59%±1.26%) and MHC（71.98%±1.13%）were expressed in the positive ADMSCs of three CD molecules after induced by 5-aza. Conclusion Over 90% ADMSCs co-express CD29, CD44 and CD105 molecules which are three kinds of stem cell markers. All co-expression cells are of strongly differentiated potentiality for myocardiocyte-like cells. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells on pulmonary fibrosis induced by SiO2 in rats DU Ling-jie,LI Ran,ZHAO Man-man,WANG Hai-tao,TIAN Yan-xia,WANG Huan,GAO Jun-ling* 2013, 44 (1 ):  62-67.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0529-1356.2013.01.012 Abstract ( )   Objective To study effects of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells on pulmonary silicosis, and to explore its mechanism. Methods BMSCs were harvested from 3-6 week old male SD rats. Fifty-four healthy female SD rats were randomly divided into saline control group, model group and BMSCs transplantation group, 18 in each group. The rats were sacrificed on day 1, 3, 7, 14, 28 and 56 after pulmonary silicosis was induced in the animals. The morphology changes and collagen deposition of lung tissues were investigated by HE staining and Masson staining. The expression of sex-determining gene (sry) and surfactant protein-c (SP-C) were detected by double-immunofluorescence labeling. Western blotting estimated the expression of TNF-α and MMP-9 in lung tissues. Results HE staining and Masson staining showed that alveolitis, pulmonary fibrosis and collagen area of lung tissue in BMSCs transplantation group significantly decreased as compared with that of the control and model groups. Sry positive cells were observed in the lungs tissue from BMSCs transplantation group, and some of sry positive cells also expressed SP-C, the marker of type II pneumocytes. The level of TNF-α and MMP-9 in the model group was significantly higher than that in the control group(P ＜0.05), and had different characteristics at different time points. At the corresponding time, the level of TNF-α and MMP-9 in BMSCs transplantation group was significantly lower than that in the model group(P＜0.05)，higher than that in the control group (P＜0.05). Conclusion BMSCs differentiate into type II pneumocytes and downregulate the expression of TNF-α and MMP-9, which may explain why BMSCs transplantation improves the SiO2 induced fibrosis. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Distribution of neuroglobin in different tissues and cells of the adult yak CAO Liang LIU Xia SHI Ning-ning LI Sheng-jie DU Xiao-hua* 2013, 44 (1 ):  68-72.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0529-1356.2013.01.01.013 Abstract ( )   Objective To explore the localization of neuroglobin (NGB) in adult yak tissues and cells. Methods Eight health adult yaks were used in this study. NGB expression in adult yak tissues and cells was localized using the immunohistochemical SP technique. Results NGB-positive cells were mainly distributed in nerve cells, adrenal gland, adenohypophysis and pancreas islet, testis, efferent ductules of testis and epididymal epithelium of genital system. NGB-immunoreactive product was located in the cytoplasm. The NGB-positive cells were found in the fundic glands of abomasum and duodenal glands.Conclusion The high expression of NGB in tissues and cells of nervous system, endocrine system, genital system and alimentary system in yak suggested that NGB might play an important role in the utilization of oxygen and physiological functions. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Efect of andrographolide on cell growth, apoptosis and expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen protein in human skin carcinoma A431 cell line SHI Jing*,LIANG Yong-gang 2013, 44 (1 ):  73-78.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0529-1356.2013.01.014 Abstract ( )   Objective To study influence of andrographolide（AD）on cell growth、apoptosis and proliferating cell nuclear antigen(PCNA) protein expression in human skin carcinoma A431 cells. Methods Acid phosphatase assay (APA) was used to detect inhibition of cell proliferation. Cell morphology was observed by fluorescence microscopy. Annexin V-FITC/PI double staining method was used to detect A431 cell apoptosis by the flow cytometry (FCM). Rh123 staining detected mitochondrial membrane potential by FCM. PCFNA protein expression on A431 cells was detected by immunocytochemistry. Results AD inhibited A431 cell proliferation by time and dose dependent. There was a significant difference between 50mg/L, 100mg/L AD group and vehicle control group (P<0.05) on the same time. A part of nuclear chromatin appeared typical apoptosis morphological changes after AD group acted A431 cells for 24 hours.The early apoptosis ,late apoptosis and necrosis rates were increased with various AD concentrations treatment for 24 hours. There was a significant inhibition rate difference between 50mg/L, 100mg/L and vehicle control group(P<0.05). PCNA protein expression intensity was decreased gradually with AD treatment for 24 hours. Mitochondrial membrane potential decreased significantly after AD acted on A431 cells for 24 hours; 50mg/L and 100mg/L AD groups had significant difference compared to vehicle control group（P＜0.05）. Conclusion AD significantly inhibits A431 cells proliferation and AD inhibiting cells proliferation may be associated with PCNA protein down-regulation.AD induces A431 cells apoptosis and AD inducing apoptosis mechanism may be related to decreasing mitochondrial membrane potential. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Distribution and structural characteristics of the ventricular Purkinje fibers of yaks LI Chao-xu,DUAN De-yong,CUI Yan* 2013, 44 (1 ):  79-84.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0529-1356.2013.01.015 Abstract ( )   Objective To study the distribution and structural characteristics of the ventricular Purkinje fibers of 60 adult yaks, and to collect morphological data for the study of ventricular conduction system of plateau mammals. Methods The ink injection,ABS proplasm,HE staining,Masson ’s trichrome staining and immunohistochemical staining methods were used. Results The connective tissue sheath was found around the Purkinje fibres of the ventricle of yak. The left bundle branch of the yak heart had bi-fascicular or tri-fascicular structures in the subendocardial layer of the septum. The right bundle branch of the yak heart had tri-fascicular or quadric-fascicular structures in the myocardium at the root of the right anterior papillary muscle, by going through the moderator band.The Purkinje fibres that existed in the subendocardial layer presented a polygonal reticulate distribution, and extended out numerous branches to the myocardium. No Purkinje fiber was found on the top subendocardial layer of the papillary muscle. The configurations of the Purkinje fibers were scroll-shaped, honeycombed-shaped, funnel-shaped and ridge-shaped. Cx43 was found membrane positive in Purkinje fibres. Conclusion The ABS proplasm techonlogy can be used to study the distribution of Purkinje fibres. Left bundle branch and right bundle branch of yak heart are asymmetrically distributed, with the left bundle branch more developed. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Asymmetry of the human cricothyroid joint LIU Ming,CHEN Sheng-guo,ZHANG Ming* 2013, 44 (1 ):  85-88.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0529-1356.2013.01.016 Abstract ( )   Objective To explore what may cause the asymmetry of the cricothyroid joint, particularly its cavity. Methods A total of 38 cadaveric specimens (15 males and 5 females from China; 11 males and 7 females from New Zealand) were used for dissection, micro-computed tomography and histology staining. The cadavers were donated for the purposes of teaching and research under the Human Tissues Act. Results The results confirmed that the bilateral cricothyroid joints of a cadaver were asymmetric. The asymmetry existed not only on the articular surfaces, but also the capsules and cavities between the bilateral joints and within the joint. An angle between the inferior corner of the thyroid cartilarge and the lateral surface of the cricoid cartilarge, named as the C-T angle in this study, was measured and compared in this study. None of the C-T angles of the bilateral cricothyroid joints of a specimen was symmetric. Conclusions The asymmetry of the bilateral cricothyroid joint, particularly its cavity, may be determined by the asymmetry of the C-T angles of the bilateral joints. The C-T angle can be detected by the routine medical imaging methods, thus the angle may be used to evaluate the asymmetry of the cricothyroid joint. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Digital subtraction angiography of predominant artery feeding pancreatic body and tail WU Zhi-xian,CAI Jin-quan,YANG Xi-zhang,LIAO Lian-ming,LUO Fang,YANG Li,LIN Yu-ning,TAN Jian-ming* 2013, 44 (1 ):  89-92.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0529-1356.2013.01.017 Abstract ( )   Objective To investigate the anatomical characteristics of predominant artery feeding pancreatic body and tail (PBT). Methods One hundred and eight patients with diabetes (61 males and 47 females) underwent digital subtraction angiography (DSA). Selective DSA of the celiac trunk, gastroduodenal artery, and superior mesenteric artery were performed to localize the potential predominant feeding artery of the PBT. The feeding artery was catheterized and DSA was performed. All images were documented for later analysis. Results The feeding arteries for the PBT included the sole dorsal pancreatic artery (DPA, 58.3%), sole great pancreatic artery (GPA, 13.9%), both DPA and GPA (11.1%), and transverse pancreatic artery (TPA, 14.8%). The DPA originated from the first segment of the splenic artery (52.0%), common hepatic artery (21.3%), or superior mesenteric artery (24.0%). The GPA was mostly from the middle segment of the splenic artery (96.3%) The TPA was from either the gastroduodenal artery (68.8%) or the pancreaticoduodenal artery (31.2%). Conclusion The origins and identities of the predominant artery in the PBT are variable, which require comprehensive study before interventional therapy for diabetic patients. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Morphology of interstitial cells of Cajal in the gastrointestinal tract of Mongolian gerbil LIU Li,SUN Hai-mei,WU Bo,ZHOU De-shan* 2013, 44 (1 ):  93-96.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0529-1356.2013.01.018 Abstract ( )   Objective To observe the distribution and morphological features of interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract of Mongolian gerbil. Methods Whole GI tracts, including stomach, small and large intestines of ten adult Mongolian gerbils were removed and performed for C-kit immunocytochemical staining with whole-mount preparations and cryo-sections. Results c-Kit positive immunoreactivity cells distributed along the entire GI tract. Intramuscular ICC(ICC-IM) cells were only in the fundus of the stomach.Myenteric ICC(ICC-MY) profiels were encountered between the longitudinal and circular muscle layers of the corpus and antrum of the stomach. The density of ICC-IM profiels gradually decreased from the fundus to the antrum. Whereas, ICC-MY profiels gradually increased from the corpus to the antrum. In the small intestine, ICCs were often observed in three regions, i.e. deep muscular plexus ICC(ICC-DMP), ICC-IM and ICC-MY. While in the colon, ICCs were seen as ICC-IM, ICC-MY and Swbmucosal ICC(ICC-SM). Conclusion Mongolian gerbil may be used to research the morphology and function of ICCs. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Expression of GRIM-19 and its effects in preimplantation embryo of mice CUI Wen-juan,DENG Xiao-hui,CHAO Lan*,SHEN Yan-jun,YANG Fang,FENG Wen-juan,XU Jing, CHEN Hong-lei  2013, 44 (1 ):  97-101.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0529-1356.2013.01.019 Abstract ( )   Objective To study the expression of gene associated with retinoid-interferon-induced mortality-19(GRIM-19) and its correlation with the embryo quality, and to explore the effect of GRIM-19 in the development of preimplantation embryo of mice. Methods The expression of GRIM-19 in 2-cell, 4-cell, 8-cell, morula and blastocyst of mice preimplantation embryo was detected by using real-time PCR (n =16). Eight-cell embryos were divided into two groups: good quality embryos and bad quality embryos, according to their size, the pellucid zone and the debris of neoplasm. The different levels of embryos were detected (n=13). The expression of GRIM-19 in different groups were analyzed statistically. Results GRIM-19 expressed in every stage of preimplantation embryo of mice. The results of real-time PCR showed a gradually increase of GRIM-19 expression from 2-cell to 8-cell, and the expression then decreased progressively. In 8-cell embryo, mRNA expression of GRIM-19 in good quality embryos was significantly higher than that in bad quality embryos (P <0.05).Conclusion The expression of GRIM-19 in mouse preimplantation embryos is changed with the progress in development. GRIM-19 may reflect the potentiality of embryo development. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Gender differences of kidney microstructure in soft-shelled turtle, Pelodiscus sinensis XU Chun-sheng,YANG Ping,YAO Yi-lin,BAO Hui-jun,BIAN Xun-guang,WU Li,CHEN Qiu-sheng*  2013, 44 (1 ):  102-105.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0529-1356.2013.01.020 Abstract ( )   Objective To investigate structural characteristics and functional significance of the renal tissue in the female and male soft-shelled turtles.Methods A total of 20 soft-shelled turtles were used in this study. Toluidine blue staining and transmission electron microscopy were used to observe structural differences of renal tissue between the female and male soft-shelled turtles. Results There were some differences in epithelial cell structure in the proximal tubules and intermediate segments between male and female turtles. The lateral intercellular spaces and basal intercellular spaces occurred in epithelial cells of turtle proximal tubule and intermediate segments in the male soft-shelled turtles, and some slender finger-like projections were distributed in lateral intercellular space. Basal labyrinthes were found in basal intercellular spaces. However there was no space among epithelial cells of proximal tubule and intermediate segments in the female turtles. In addition, male proximal tubule epithelial cells composed with primary cells, bald cells and basal cells, while female proximal tubule epithelial cells composed with only two kinds of epithelial cells, the bright cells and dark cells.Conclusion The structural differences of epithelian tissues of renal proximal tubule and the intermediate segments exist between female and male soft-shelled turtles. The lateral intercellular spaces and basal intercellular spaces appeare in male turtles, but not in female turtles. Since the lateral intercellular spaces and basal intercellular spaces involve in material transport, the results suggest that the urine reabsorption capacity in proximal tubule and the urine concentrating ability in intermediate segment may be stronger in male soft-shelled turtles than that in female turtles. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Age-related changes of elastic fibers and elastic protein in rat ventricular myocardium ZHAI Xin-bo,WU Jun-fang,GUO Zhi-kun*,WANG Yan-li 2013, 44 (1 ):  106-110.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0529-1356.2013.01.021 Abstract ( )   Objective To observe and measure the morphological features and age-related changes of elastic fibers in the rat heart. Methods Ten rats in each group were collected from embryonic day 18, postnatal day 10, postnatal one month and postnatal three months. The distribution of myocardial elastin fibers and expression of elastin protein of the rat heart were observed by the orcein staining, immunohistochemistry, and Western blotting. The elastin protein of the four groups were quantitated by SPSS statistical software. Results The elastic fibers were extensively distributed in the epicardium, the periphery of cardiocyte and the small arterial wall. They were increasing with the growth. The morphology of the elastic fiber appeared hairs-like and no thick bundle was detected. The elastic fibers were growing quickly from the fetal to the new born stage, and slow down from the childhood to adult stage. The number of elastic fibers in the endocardium was peaked at the childhood stage, but reduced at the adult.Conclusion Elastic fibers in the left ventricle are gradually increased from the embryonic stage to adult stage. Such change may belong to the important ingredient of cardiac physiological reconstitution. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Transmission electron microscopic observation of microvascular endothelial glycocalyx in mouse jejunal mucosa WU Shuang,ZHANG Tao,FENG Bo,MU Xiang* 2013, 44 (1 ):  111-113.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0529-1356.2013.01.022 Abstract ( )   Objective This study aimed to establish a reliable displaying method of the endothelial glycocalyx in small intestinal mucosal microvessels, and to provide a foundation for further studies on its functions. Methods Six mice were divided into a control group and a cardiac perfusion group, three mice each. The mice were anesthetized by inhalation of ether. The jejunum from the cardiac perfusion group was sampled after they were fixed by cardiac perfusion with gradient alcian blue solution and the jejunum from control group was directly sampled. The jejunal mucosa was prepared as ultrathin sections according to the routine method for transmission electron microscopic (TEM) analysis. Results By TEM, the endothelial glycocalyx was shown in jejunal mucosal microvessels of cardiac perfusion group mice, which had two forms, the continued and the discontinued. The continued glycocalyx was 20-30 nm thick, and the discontinued was 50-100 nm. However, the glycocalyx was not found in the control group.Conclusion The endothelial glycocalyx in jejunal mucosal mirovessels is not observaed by TEM in the samples prepared with the traditional method. The cardiac perfusion fixation with alcian blue solution could better preserves the glycocalyx for TEM analysis, and is a reliable method for its study. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Observation of the somatotype of Han in urban areas of Wenchang in Hainan BAO Jin-ping,ZHENG Lian-bin*,ZHANG Xing-hua,WANG Zhi-bo,SONG Guan-lan,WU Ya-wen,YAN Chun-yan,GONG Chen 2013, 44 (1 ):  114-119.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0529-1356.2013.01.023 Abstract ( )   Objective To study the somatotype of urban of Han in Hainan.Methods The Heath-Carter somatotyping method was used to study the somatotype of 315 urban adults (150 males and 165 females) of Han in Wenchang county of Hainan province. Results 1. The mean somatotype values of the male and female were 4.9-5.3-2.0 and 5.5-4.6-1.9 in urban districts respectively, which represented the endomorph-mesomorph category in the male and mesomorphic endomorph category in the female. 2. With their age increasing, the values of endomorphy and mesomorphy were ascending, while the values of ectomorphy were decreased in urban males. The age of 30 was the cutoff point of somatotype in urban males. In female, the age of 30 had increased plumpness of the body over the age of 20. The age of 40 became firmer and plumper. 3. The urban adults of Han showed most significant gender differences in the age of 20 and 30.But there was no significant gender differences after 40 years. 4. The somatotype of urban adults was close to those of Han(Shandong). Conclusion The somatotype of urban adults of Han in Hainan is close to northern ethnic groups in China. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Fat distribution characteristics of Tibetan teenagers in Tibet by bioelectrical impedance method  ZHANG Hai-long,XI Huan-jiu*,FU Qiang,LI Wen-hui,LIU Su-wei,ZHAONG Hua,Baimadui 2013, 44 (1 ):  120-123.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0529-1356.2013.01.024 Abstract ( )   Objective To obtain the fat base value and the fat distribution characteristics of Tibetan teenagers in Tibet by counting their fat content with a bioelectrical impedance method.Methods We randomly selected 1427 healthy teenagers (710 males, 717 females) whose parents were Tibetan in Tibet.They had signed the informed consent.We detected all subjects with the body composition analyzer and concluded the total fat, and fat contents of the left upper limb (left lower limb and right upper limb, right lower limb, trunk), then worked out the body fat ratio, and fat ratio of the left upper limbs(left lower limb, right upper limb and right lower limb, trunk). All the results were analyzed with inputted SPSS(statistical software) and processed by independent sample t-test and variance analysis. Results The total fat mass, the fat mass of limbs and trunk in the male were less than that in the female in all age groups of Tibetan teenagers(P <0.05).In general,the fat content of Tibetan teenagers in Tibet increased with age, females’ increasing trend was more pronounced.Conclusion The fat characteristics of tibetan teenagers in Tibet are related with age and hormone secretion, which reflects the physiological characteristics in different developmental stages. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Physical characteristics of the Han ethnic groups of Jianghuai dialect YU Ke-li,ZHENG Lian-bin*,ZHAO Da-peng,WANG Zhi-bo,WANG Yang,RONG Wen-guo,ZHANG Xiao-rui,XUE Hong  2013, 44 (1 ):  124-132.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0529-1356.2013.01.025 Abstract ( )   Objective of the Han ethnic groups of Jianghuai Dialect on urban and rural adults. Methods In accordance with the methods of Martin, Anthropometric Methods and Anthropomorphic Handbook, 86 physical characteristics of 370 males (157 urban males and 213 rural males) and 362 females (154 urban females and 208 rural females)of Han were investigated in Huaian county of Jiangsu province.Twenty-six physical indices were calculated and their distributions were analyzd. The physical characteristics of the Han ethnic groups of Jianghuai Dialect were preliminarily analyzed. Results 1.The percentages of eyefold of the upper eyelid were higher. The percentages of mongoloid fold were lower. The opening height of eyeslits was middle. External angles were higher than internal angles in direction of eyeslits. The nasal root height was middle-type. The nasal profile was straight. The nasal base was upturned. The zygomatic projection was tiny.The height of alae nasi belonged to middle-type. The maximal diameter of nostrils was oblique.The lobe types were triangle and round. The upper lip skin height belonged to middle-type. Thickness of lips were mainly thin. Hair color was black and skin color was yellow.The eye color was brown. In the breadth of alae nasi, male was widetype and female was middle-type. 2.Typical physical characteristics of the Han ethnic groups of Jianghuai Dialect were brachycephaly, hypsicephalic type, metriocephalic type, mesorrhiny, long trunk, subbrachyskelic type and broad chest circumference. In addition, males were euryprosopy, broad shoulder breadth and broad distance between iliac crests.Females were mesoprosopy, middle shoulder breadth and middle distance between iliac crests. 3.Typical physical characteristics of the Han ethnic groups of Jianghuai Dialect were super middle-sized stature. Conclusion The circumference and skinfold thickness of urban males are larger than rural males, while females are the opposite result. The Han ethnic groups of Jianghuai Dialect are relatively close to the North Asian type ethnic groups, but some physical characteristics are close to the ethnic groups of South Asian type of Mongoloid. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Circumference and its variation with age of urban of Jiangxi Han nationality adults LI Yong-lan,LU Shun-hua,Zheng Lian-bin*,LI Yu-ling,LI Yong-xia,GUO Hai,CHEN Chen 2013, 44 (1 ):  133-139.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0529-1356.2013.01.026 Abstract ( )   Objective To study the changes of circumference value of Jiangxi urban Han with age. Methods Based on the measurement of the circumferences of 307 urban adults (151 males,156 females) of Jiangxi Han nationality (including the circumference of head, neck, chest, chest circumference at inspiration, chest circumference at expiration, abdomen, hip, thigh, calf, upper arm, fore-arm and maximum biceps), the study analyzed the changes of circumference value with age, and with cluster analysis, compared the circumference values between Jiangxi Han nationality and other 18 nationalities in China. Results The results of variance analysis showed that males and females had significant differences among age groups in chest, chest circumference at inspiration, chest circumference at expiration, abdomen, thigh,calf, upper arm and maximum biceps. In addition, the forearm circumference of female existed significant differences among age groups. Correlation analysis revealed that male’s abdominal circumference was positively associated with age, while calf circumference, arm circumference and maximum biceps circumference were negatively correlated with age. Female’s chest, chest circumference at inspiration, abdominal circumference and upper arm were positively correlated with age. The rest of circumference had no significant sexual difference in the circumference of abdomen, thigh, hip and thigh. The remaining of 9 circumference values were statistically significant in gender, and male’s ones were significantly higher than those of females. Conclusion The circumference value of Jiangxi urban Han has the characteristics of the North type. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Fluctuating asymmetry of digit length in breast cancer patients LU Hong,HUO Zheng-hao*,SHI Zhi-yun,DANG Jie,JIAO Hai-yan,ZHONG Hui-jun,Gao ping 2013, 44 (1 ):  140-143.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0529-1356.2013.01.027 Abstract ( )   Objective To study the fluctuating asymmetry (FA) of digit length in breast cancer patients in women from Ningxia Han nationality. Methods Using anthropometry, digit length of both hands of 256 individuals (controls:128; breast cancers:128)were studied. The FA of digit length was calculated and the mean value with compared between breast cancer and control groups. The relationship between the FA of digit length and the age of control and breast cancer groups were also analyzed. Results The results showed the trend of the FA in both group as follows: 2FA＞4FA＞3FA＞5FA. The mean values of each FA were higher in breast cancers than those in the controls, and there were significant differences in 2FA(P<0.01), 4FA(P<0.05),5FA(P<0.05), CFA(P<0.05) between them; There was a significant difference in|L-R|≥0.04 on distribution of 2FA between two groups（P<0.05）. It showed a negative relation between 2FA and the age at presentation of breast cancers (P<0.001). Conclusion FA, especially 2FA may be one of the important indirect early diagnosis reference marker for breast cancer. References | Related Articles | Metrics