Objective To explore the physical anthropology characteristics of Chinese Mongolian head and face. Methods A total of 12 head and face indexes (head length, head breadth, face breadth, minimum frontal breadth,morphological facial height, nasal height, nasal breadth, interocular breadth, physiognomic ear length, lip height, mouth breadth, auricular height) of the 17 Mongolian ethnic groups were analyzed by the cluster analysis and principal component analysis. Results The head length, face breadth and nose breadth of Duerbote, Guoer Ross, Fuxin, Calaqinleft were small, and the interocular breadth was close. Northern Han was close to Horqin. The head breadth, face breadth, nose breadth of Bargud and Ordos were large but mouth breadth, minimum frontal breadth, interocular breadth were small. Buriat, Torghut, Chifeng, Northeast Han and Xilincol had something in common that head, face and nose were more broad, and the mouth breadth, minimum frontal breadth and interocular breadth were large. Head length, face breadth, nose breadth of Xinjiang Qahar and Torghut were small, but mouth breadth, interocular breadth and minimum frontal breadth were medium. The Mongolian ethnic group’s facial features in Yunnan province differed greatly from the Mongolian ethnic groups in the north. Conclusion According to the characteristics of head and face, Mongolian people can be divided into three groups. The principal component analysis shows that the width index of head and face is the main basis for distinguishing the facial features of all ethnic groups in Mongolian. The facial features of Northern Han and Mongolian have some commonalities. Generally speaking, Mongolian ethnicity morphological facial height and, nasal height are close to East Asia but not North Asia.
