Table of Content

2012, Volume 43 Issue 2
06 April 2012 Previous Issue    Next Issue
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神经生物学
细胞和分子生物学

细胞和分子生物学
解剖学
组织学胚胎学和发育生物学
人类学
技术方法


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神经生物学

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Insulin-like growth factor 1 playing a pivotal role on recovery of transient forebrain ischemia damage in neonatal rats 2012, 43 (2):  145-149.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0529-1356.2012.02.001 Abstract ( )   Objective To study the impact of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) on the neural stem cell proliferation of the subventricular zone (SVZ) induced by transient forebrain ischemia in postnatal day 7 rats.Methods A total of 64 postnatal day 7 Sparuge-Dawley rats were randomly divided into ischemia group (EM>n /EM>=24), sham group(EM>n /EM>=24), ischemia plus antagonist group (EM>n /EM>=8) and ischemia plus saline group EM>(n/EM> =8). The cell proliferation and IGF-1 in the SVZ of the ischemia group and the sham group were observed 1, 4 or 7 days after ischemia with immunohistochemical staining. The cell proliferation and IGF-1 in the SVZ of the ischemia plus antagonist group and the ischemia plus saline group were detected after 7 days of continuous treatment with JB1 or without JB1 treatment.Results The number of BrdU+ cells and IGF-1+ cells of the ischemia group were significantly increased in the SVZ 1, 4, and 7 days after ischemia compared with that of the sham group (EM>P /EM>0.05). After the administration of JB1, the IGF-1 expression was blocked. The IGF-1+ cells were absent in ischemia plus antagonist group, while the IGF-1 expressed normally in ischemia plus saline group. The number of BrdU+ cells in the ischemia plus antagonist was sharply decreased compared with the ischemia plus saline group EM>(P/EM> 0.05) in the SVZ 7 days after ischemia.Conclusion Ischemia/perfusion up-regulates the expression of IGF-1 in neonatal rats, which may promote the proliferation of neural stem cells. Decrease of the neural stem cells proliferation dramatically after the administration of JB1 suggests that IGF-1 may play a key role on recovery of tr Related Articles | Metrics

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P>Effects of heroin dependence on the expression of substance P and neuropeptide Y in the ventral tegmental area and nucleus accumbens of the rat brain /P> 2012, 43 (2):  150-154.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0529-1356.2012.02.002 Abstract ( )   Objective To investigate the effect of the heroin addicts on substance P (SP), neuropeptide Y (NPY) immunoreactive cells in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and nucleus accumbens (NAc) neurons of the rat brain, and to explore the central mechanisms of heroin dependence and to provide experimental and theoretical basis. BR>Methods Fifty-five adult male SD rats were randomly divided into heroin dependence group (HDG), saline control group (SCG) and normal control group (NCG). Rats were chronically treated by injection of heroin for up to 38 days, and brain tissues were excised on the 10th, 17th, 24th, 31st, and 38th day after models were set up. Immunohistochemical SABC method, and image analysis were performed to test the expression of SP and NPY in the VTA and NAc regions. Results SP immunoreactive cells and NPY immunoreactive cells expressed less SP and NPY in the VTA and NAc regions from heroin dependence rats than that from saline control and normal control rats at different time points. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that the grey value was found higher in heroin dependence rats than that in controls (EM>P/EM> 0.05).Conclusion The secretion of SP and NPY is inhibited during heroin dependence and it may result in the inhibition of endogenous opioid peptides, suggesting that SP and NPY may be the key molecules during dru Related Articles | Metrics

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Expression of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase Ⅱ in the hippocampal subregions of the rat during postnatal development 2012, 43 (2):  155-160.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0529-1356.2012.02.003 Abstract ( )   Objective To investigate the expression of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinaseⅡ(CaMKⅡ) in the Wistar rat hippocampus during postnatal development. BR>Methods Immunofluorescent staining was applied to observe the expression of CaMKⅡ in the CA1, CA3 and dentate gyrus (DG) of the rat hippocampus during postnatal development (EM>n/EM> =48).Results In CA1 and DG, CaMKⅡ expression increased with age, reached a plateau at postnatal day 10 (P10) and then declined gradually. In CA3, CaMKⅡ expression reached a plateau at P4 and P10. The expression of CaMKⅡ in CA3 was higher than that in CA1 and DG. CaMKⅡ expression in the stratum polymorphum and stratum moleculare was much higher than that in the stratum pyramidale or granular cell layer.Conclusion The expression of CaMKⅡ has a specific temporal-spatial distribution pattern. The specific temporalspatial distribution pattern may be important to the different physiolo Related Articles | Metrics

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Expression of basic fibroblast growth factor-2 and its receptors in the anterior cingulate cortex of the rat with chronic inflammatory pain 2012, 43 (2):  161-165.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0529-1356.2012.02.004 Abstract ( )   Objective To observe the expression of basic fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) and its receptors in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) of the rat with chronic inflammatory pain. Methods Complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA) was injected into the rat’s unilateral hind paw to induce chronic inflammatory pain. The bilateral ACC was harvested at 4 different time points after CFA injection (EM>n/EM> =3， for each time point). RT-PCR and Western blotting were used to examine the mRNA and protein expression of FGF-2 and its receptors, respectively.Results Unilateral paw injection of CFA induced pain hypersensitivity. After CFA injection, the expression of FGF-2 and FGFR1 mRNA increased at the 6th hour, 3rd day, 7th day, 14th day in the ipsilateral and contralateral ACC. FGFR2 mRNA increased at the 3rd day, 7th day and 14th day in the ipsilateral ACC. The FGF-2 protein also increased in bilateral ACC at the 6th hour, 3rd day and 7th day. Conclusion FGF-2 may be involved in the processing of pain through FGFR1 in Related Articles | Metrics

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Immunohistochemical localization of dermatan sulfate in mouse brain after traumatic injury 2012, 43 (2):  166-170.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0529-1356.2012.02.005 Abstract ( )   Objective To investigate the immunohistochemical localization of dermatan sulfate (DS) and its correlation with the fibrotic scar formation in the mouse brain after traumatic injury.Methods The nigrostiatal dopaminergic pathway was unilaterally transected in 10-weeks-old male ICR mice. The operated mice were sacrificed and the brains were obtained 1, 4, 7 and 14 days after injury. Immunohistochemical localization of DS was examined using the antibodies GD3A12 and LKN1 which specifically recognize DS subtypes. The fibrotic scar formation was evaluated by the fibronectin antibody and its correlation with DS localization was investigated by double immunofluorescent staining. Results In normal adult mice brains, the localization of GD3A12 and LNK1 immunoreactivity was in meninges and blood vessels of the brain surface. At the 4th day after injury, the first DS immunoreactions appeared in some cells at the edge of the lesion site and a dense deposition of DS immunoreactivity was in the central region of the lesion site where FN-immunoreactive fibroblast formed the fibrotic scar afterwards. Double immunofluorescent staining demonstrated that intense DS immunoreactivity was localized in the fibrotic scar of the lesion core and was almost completely overlapped well with FN immunoreactivity, but not with CD45-immunoreactive macrophages and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-positive reactive astrocytes.Conclusion The localization of DS immunoreactivity after brain injury is confined in the fibroblast of the fibrotic scar, suggesting that DS may play some role in the formation of the fibrotic scar. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of cholecystokinin octapeptide-8 on CREB and p-CREB in locus caeruleus and periaoueductal gray matter of morphine withdrawal rats 2012, 43 (2):  170-176.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0529-1356.2012.02.006 Abstract ( )   Objective To explore the effect of cholecystokinin octapeptide-8 (CCK-8) and its recepetor antagonists on morphine withdrawal and its signal transduction pathway.Methods Morphine dependent and withdrawal animal models were established, 6 rats for each group. Morphine withdrawal syndrome was observed and estimated by Gellert-Holtzman scale. The changes of CREB and p-CREB in the locus caeruleus (LC) and periaoueductal gray matter (PAG) were measured by immunohistochemical method. BR>Results The withdrawal score was decreased by CCK-8 and its recepetor antagonists through intraperitoneal (i.p) or intracerebroventricular (i.v.c) injection. Chronic morphine treatment increased p-CREB in LC and PAG. After withdrawal, p-CREB was further increased in LC but decreased in PAG. CCK-8 and its recepetor antagonists by i.p or i.v.c reversed changes of p-CREB in PAG after withdrawal, CCK-8 recepetor antagonists by i.p or i.v.c reversed changes of p-CREB in LC after withdrawal but had no effect by CCK-8 Conclusion CCK-8 may inhibit the morphine withdrawal syndrome by modulating expression of p-CREB in LC and PAG, which is of obvious region-specificity. BR> Related Articles | Metrics

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Edaravone-induced differentiation of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells into neuron-like cells EM>in vitro/EM> 2012, 43 (2):  177-183.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0529-1356.2012.02.007 Abstract ( )   Objective To isolate, cultivate and purify rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), and induce its directional differentiation into neuron-like cells iEM>n vitro/EM> by basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and edaravone.Methods One month old healthy male Wistar rats were used in this study, MSCs from the bone marrow were isolated and purificated by Percoll medium density gradient centrifugation, repeated subculture and differential adherence methods. After 3 passages, the surface markers of MSCs were detected by immunocytochemistry and flow cytometry. Cell differentiation of MSCs induced by bFGF and edaravone was explored by immunocytochemistry and scanning electron microscopy.Results The cell purity of MSCs was up to 95%. The purified MSCs expressed CD44, but did not express CD34 and CD45. After directional differentiation cultivation, the cells showed the typical neuron appearance cell under the scanning electron microscope and expressed neuron-specific enolase but did not express glial fibrillary acidic protein. Nestin expression in the cells was gradually weakened. BR>Conclusion The results suggest that density gradient centrifugation and differential adhesion methods may be one of the suitable methods of purification of the MSCs, and edaravone can direct and efficiently induce MSCs to differentiate into neuron-like cells. BR> Related Articles | Metrics

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Role of acid-sensing ion channels in dendritic development in hippocampal neurons 2012, 43 (2):  184-188.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0529-1356.2012.02.008 Abstract ( )   Objective To investigate the role of acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) in dendritic development in hippocampal neurons. Methods F-GFP which targets at the membrane was transfected into primary cultured hippocampal neurons at the 5th days BR>EM>in vitro/EM> (DIV 5). Then ASICs antagonist amiloride and ASIC1a selective antagonist psalmotoxin 1 (PcTX1) were applied to the neuronal medium to inhibit the function of ASICs. Dendritic growth and arborization of cultured hippocampal neurons were observed in DIV8 and DIV14.Results Treatments with ASICs antagonist amiloride (10SUP>-5/SUP>mol/L) and ASIC1a selective antagonist PcTX1 (1∶20 000 dilution) for 3 days had no significant effect on the total dendritic branch length and total dendritic branch number of hippocampal neurons, which suggested that dendritic development was not affected by the inhibition of ASICs for a short time during early developmental period of hippocampal neurons. Chronic treatment with amiloride (10SUP>-5/SUP>mol/L) for 9 days significantly reduced the total dendritic branch length and total dendritic branch number, while chronic treatment with ASIC1a selective antagonist PcTX1 (1∶20 000 dilution) for 9 days also significantly reduced the total dendritic branch length, but had no significant effect on the total dendritic branch number, which suggested that dendritic development was impaired if ASICs are inhibited for a long time.Conclusion ASICs play an essential r Related Articles | Metrics

细胞和分子生物学

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JNK signaling pathway regulates proliferation and apoptosis of eight liver cell types during rat liver regeneration 2012, 43 (2):  189-197.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0529-1356.2012.02.009 Abstract ( )   Objective To explore the role of JNK signaling pathway of eight liver cell types in rat liver regeneration (LR) at the gene transcription level.Methods BR>Eight types of rat regenerating liver cells, including hepatocytes (HC), biliary epithelial cells (BEC), oval cells (OC), hepatic stellate cells (HSC), sinusoidal endothelial cells (SEC), Kupffer cells (KC), pit cells (PC) and dendritic cells (DC), were isolated using the combination of percoll density gradient centrifugation and immunomagnetic bead methods. Rat Genome 230 2.0 Array was used to detect expression profiles of JNK signaling pathwayrelated genes in eight liver cell types, and bioinformatics and systems biology methods were used to analyze the proliferation or apoptosis activities which were predicted by the expression profiles. RT-PCR analysis was performed to validate the reliability of the microarray results. BR>Results Literatures showed that 42 paths and 240 genes were involved in JNK signaling pathway. Two hundred and twenty-five genes of the JNK signaling pathway were found to be involved in LR. Gene synergy analysis showed that JNK signaling pathway promoted proliferation of HC, PC, DC and KC and apoptosis of OC, PC and DC in the priming phase, enhanced proliferation of HC, BEC, KC, DC, PC and apoptosis of PC in the progressive phase, and promoted apoptosis of HC, OC, PC and KC and proliferation of KC in terminal phase.Conclusion Forty-two paths and 225 genes of JNK signaling pathway may regulate proliferation and apoptosis of the eight liver cell type Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of gene expression profile of rat liver tissue during acute hepatic failure occurrence 2012, 43 (2):  198-204.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0529-1356.2012.02.010 Abstract ( )   Objective To explore the correlation between gene expression profiles and acute liver failure (AHF) occurrence at the transcriptional level. Methods Thirty-six SD rats were divided into two groups: AHF group and control group. The model of rat AHF was established by feeding male rats with a single dose of 4 ml/kg carbon tetrachloride (CClSUB>4/SUB>) solution. Serum samples were collected at 3, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours after CCl4 treatment, and the parameters of ALT, AST, ALP, TP and TBIL were assayed. Histological analysis of liver tissues was performed by HE staining. The gene expression profiles of AHF were detected using Rat Genome 230 2.0 array at each time point, and methods of systems biology were applied to analyze the correlation between gene expression changes and physiological activities involved in AHF. Results In total, 1022 genes differed significantly during AHF occurrence with 131, 302, 350, 539, 349 and 177 differently expressed genes at 3, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72h after CCl4 treatment, and the total number of up-regulated genes、down-regulated genes and up to down-regulated genes were 634, 382 and 6, respectively. Twenty-three physiological activities were closely related to AHF occurrence. Eight physiological activities,including genetictranscription,metabolisms of carbohydrate and lipid increased in AHF occurrence, while 6 physiological activities including signal transduction, oxidation reduction, and cell adhesion decreased. Cell differentiation and development, and inflammation response increased priorto AHF occurrence, but decreased at its late period.Conclusion AHF occurrence is closely related to lots of genes and physiolo Related Articles | Metrics

细胞和分子生物学

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mTOR signaling pathway regulates growth of eight liver cell types during rat liver regeneration 2012, 43 (2):  205-213.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0529-1356.2012.02.011 Abstract ( )   Objective To explore the role of the mammalian target of rapamycin(mTOR) signaling pathway in eight types of hepatic cells during rat liver regeneration (LR) at the gene transcription level. Methods Based on the establishment of the rat 2/3 hepatectomy model, isolation and identification of eight liver cell types from rat regenerating liver, detection of expression profiles of above eight liver cell types by Rat Genome 230 2.0 array, and application of quantitative real-time PCR, this study summarized and established the network of the mTOR signaling pathway, analyzed the expression profiles of mTOR signaling pathway-related genes in eight liver cell types during liver regeneration, and then applied systems biology method to analyze the physiological activities predicted by gene expression profiles. Results The mTOR signaling pathway was subdivided into 25 branches and contained a total of 110 genes. Among the 99 genes detected by arrays, 82 genes were identified as LR-related. At priming phase, mTOR signaling pathway was mainly involved in activating and promoting the growth of hepatocytes, pit cells, Kupffer cells, dendritic cells, hepatic stellate cells and sinusoidal endothelial cells. At the progressive phase, mTOR signaling pathway promoted the growth of hepatocytes, biliary epithelial cells, oval cells, hepatic stellate cells, Kupffer cells, pit cells and dendritic cells. At the terminal phase, the enhancement effect of mTOR pathway on the growth of hepatocytes, Kupffer cells and dendritic cells was remarkably reduced, but the inhibitory role of pathway 25 in the growth of hepatocytes, sinusoidal endothelial cells, hepatic stellate cells and pit cells was significantly increased.Conclusion The 25 branches and 82 genes involved in mTOR signaling pathway play a critical role in regulating the growth of eight cell types during rat liver regeneration. Related Articles | Metrics

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Molecular cloning and expression analysis of hemocyanin gene from EM>Macrobrachium nipponense/EM> 2012, 43 (2):  214-219.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0529-1356.2012.02.012 Abstract ( )   Objective The aim of this study is to clone the hemocyanin gene from EM>Macrobrachium nipponense/EM>,and to investigate the bioinformatics and spatial and temporal expression analysis of the gene. Methods The hemocyanin gene was cloned from hepatopancreas of M.. nipponense using the rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) method,and its sequence was analyzed with a biological software.Spatial and temporal expressions of the gene were detected by real-time PCR. Results The full-length cDNA of hemocyanin was 2 151bp and contained a 14bp of 5ˊ-untranslated region (UTR),a 148bp of 3′UTR and a 189bp of open reading frame (ORF) that encoded a protein of 663 amino acids with a calculated molecular mass of 76.65 kD and pI at 5.42.The deduced amino acid sequence containing three hemocyanin domains and two copper-binding sites exhibited 70% similarity to that of EM>Pacifastacus leniusculus/EM>,63% to that ofEM> Litopenaeus vannamei/EM>.The two copper-binding sites and six histidine residues necessary for the stabilization of the oxygen binding were highly conserved.The 3-D structure modeling of hemocyanin was very similar to that of HC1 from EM>Panulirus interruptus/EM>.Real-time PCR result showed that the gene was expressed highly in the hepatopancreas,weakly in muscles and blood cells,and hardly in the mandibular organ,skin and ovarian.Its transcript derived from hepatopancreas was highest in stage C and lowest in the stage A and D2-3 among the molt cycle.The transcript level of the gene increased significantly 3 hours after injection of the pathogenic bacteria BR>EM>Aeromonas hydrophila/EM>. Conclusion Like other crustaceans,the hemocyanin gene of EM>M.. nipponense/EM> contains the typical hemocyanin domains and conserved copper-binding sites,is highly expressed in hepatopancreas during stage C,and acts as an important molecule involve Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of SGK1 gene inhibition by shRNA on biologic characteristics of the human breast cancer cell 2012, 43 (2):  220-224.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0529-1356.2012.02.013 Abstract ( )   Objective To study the effect of shRNA mediated gene silencing of serum and glucocorticoid induced protein kinase 1(SGK1) on biologic characteristics of human breast cancer cells,MDA-MB-231,and to provide experiment and theoretical evidences for genetic therapy of human breast cancer. Methods Hairpin RNA sequence was synthesized and inserted into pGenesil-3 vector with human U6 promoter.Verified constructs were transfected into MDA-MB-231cells,and then selected by G418.Expression of SGK1 was detected by both real time PCR and Western blotting,and β-catenin expression was detected by Western blotting.MTT growth and matrigel invasion assays were used to study the effect of SGK1 gene silencing.Results Both the mRNA and protein level of SGK1 remarkably decreased after transfection of pGen-3-siSGK1.After gene silencing of SGK1,MDA-MB-231 cells shown strong inhibition of cell growth.The invasive and migratory abilities were inhibited after gene silencing of SGK1.In addition,the change of protein level of β-catenin was consistent with that of SGK1. Conclusion SGK1 inhibition suppresses the growth,invasiveness and migratory abilities of breast cancer cell Related Articles | Metrics

解剖学

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Construction of a voxel-based probabilistic diffusion tensor image brain atlas for normal Chinese adults 2012, 43 (2):  225-231.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0529-1356. 2012.02.014 Abstract ( )   Objective To construct a voxel-based probabilistic diffusion tensor image (DTI) brain atlas in a standard space using medical image processing techniques in order to provide basic data for the white matter function research and the diagnosis and treatment of related diseases.Methods DTI data from 50 normal volunteers were acquired after excluding the existence of neurological diseases. The DICOM data were converted into the needed data format using one of the procedures in MRIcron software package. DtiStudio, DiffeoMap and AIR software were used for pre-processing, tensor calculation and normalization of the images. Average calculation was performed and the atlas was constructed in MATLAB software platform. Results A general DTI brain atlas was successfully developed from the 50 healthy adults and the maps were very clear. The white matter and fiber orientation were seen clearly in FA images and in the color map with specific colors representing different fiber orientations. BR>Conclusion Imaging processing techniques can be used to construct Chinese DTI probabilistic brain atlas. The maps are saved using a common data format and can be read by most medical image processing softwares and analysis softwares, thus may be used for the research and analysis of white matter function and related diseases conveniently. BR> Related Articles | Metrics

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Anatomy of the femoral attachment of the posterolateral bundle of the anterior cruciate ligament 2012, 43 (2):  232-235.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0529-1356.2012.02.015 Abstract ( )   Objective By measuring the posterolateral bundle (PLB) femoral attachment, to find a simple guideline for precisely localizing the PLB femoral bone tunnel during the doublebundle anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. BR>Methods Twenty cadaveric knees, aged 25 to 45 years, were dissected. With the knees flexed at 90°, the measurement of the distances from the center of the PLB femoral attachment to the anterior border and to the posterior border of the articuar cartilage of the lateral wall of the intercondylar notch was made. The collected data were evaluated and compared.Results With the knees flexed at 90°, the center of the PLB was located at (8.74±1.39)mm and (8.69±1.57)mm from the anterior and the posterior cartilage borders of the lateral wall of the intercondylar notch, respectively (EM>P/EM> =0.926). The distance between the center of the PLB attachment to the low cartilage border of the lateral intercondylar wall was (5.06±0.77)mm.Conclusion The findings in this study suggest that the position of the center of the PLB femoral insertion is at the middle of the line joining the anterior and the posterior borders of the femoral cartilage. It is a simple, easy and repeatable way to use our results as a guideline Related Articles | Metrics

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Applied anatomy of the screw placement of the posterior internal fixation with a steel plate for vertical sacral fractures 2012, 43 (2):  236-239.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0529-1356.2012.02.016 Abstract ( )   Objective To provide basic data of the screw channel for the clinical application of the posterior internal fixation with a steel plate for vertical sacral fractures through the anatomic measurement of the sacrum.Methods According to the requirement of the screw channel of the sacral posterior internal fixation with a steel plate, the inserting sites were determined on 20 cases of the selected adult sacrum specimens: point a at the in lateral side of S1 articular process, point b at the downside of S1 articular process, points c, d and e of S2, S3 and S4 along the imaginary line between point a and the top edge of S4 dorsal sacral foramina, respectively, at the midpoint of the line between adjacent dorsal sacral foraminas. The distances between inserting sites were af, bg, ch, ci, dj and ek, respectively; the lengths of inside screw channels were A1, A2, B, C, D and E, respectively; the lengths of outside screw channels were F, G, H, I, J and K, respectively and the angles of outside screw channels were Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ, Ⅳ, Ⅴand Ⅵ, respectively. Results A1, A2 and B values were (31.70±3.54)mm, (35.59±4.50)mm and (27.83±3.80)mm, respectively; F, G, H, I and J values were (43.68±5.11)mm, (30.10±4.00)mm, (27.66±3.33)mm, (23.51±3.26)mm and (18.72±4.18)mm, Related Articles | Metrics

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Clinical anatomy of the pterygopalatine segment of the maxillary artery 2012, 43 (2):  240-245.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0529-1356.2012.02.017 Abstract ( )   Objective To explore anatomical feature of the pterygopalatine segment of the maxillary artery, in order to provide the anatomic basis for ligating the maxillary artery, resecting tumors and craniofacial surgery. Methods Twenty-one adult cadaveric heads were dissected via three surgical approaches. The course, diameter, length, branches and patterns of the pterygopalatine segment of the maxillary artery were observed. Results The pterygopalatine segment of the maxillary artery was located in the superior posterior part of the intratemporal surface. The pterygopalatine segment of the maxillary artery was classified into five types: Y type(26.19%), intermediate type(33.33%), T type(21.43%), M type(11.90%) and other type(7.14%). The diameter and length of the pterygopalatine part of the maxillary artery were (2.61±0.39)mm and (19.44±3.62)mm. It sent off seven branches which were the posterior superior alveolar artery, the infraorbital artery, the foramen rotundum artery, the pterygoid canal artery, the descending palatine artery, the sphenopalatine artery and the palatine vaginal artery. However, the variability of branches was common. The anterior deep temporal artery served as a reference landmark to localize the pterygopalatine segment of the maxillary artery. Conclusion It is important to be familiar with the pathway, the type and branch patterns of the pterygopalatine segment of the maxillary artery for guiding surgery approach to the pterygopalatine fossa and red Related Articles | Metrics

组织学胚胎学和发育生物学

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Distribution of the mouse short loop nephron in outer medulla 2012, 43 (2):  246-249.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0529-1356.2012.02.018 Abstract ( )   Objective The regulatory mechanism of formation of the countercurrent multiplier in the outer medulla of the kidney is very complex,which has close relation with the epithelial transport and the spatial arrangement of the Henle,s loops and vessels.The objective of the present study was to investigate the tubular course of the short loop nephrons (SLN)in outer medulla. Methods Three C57/BL/6J mice were fixed by perfusion and embedded in Epon 812.Tissue blocks were cut perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the kidney. A total of 1 200,2.5-μm-thick serial sections were obtained from the surface to the transition of the inner medulla and the outer medulla.After image recordings and alignment, 120 SLN originated from the superficial cortex and mid-cortex were traced and 3D-reconstructed with a series of computer programs written in C. Results SLN (53%) derived from the superficial cortex had their loop bends located at nearly the same level in the middle part of the inner strip of the outer medulla(ISOM). The bend was covered entirely by descending thin limb epithelium whereas SLN(47%) derived from the middle cortex had their loop bends located in various levels in the inner half part of the inner strip of the outer medulla,and the loop bend was covered with the thick ascending limb epithelium.The thick ascending limb epithelium also covered various distances in the descending limb to form a pre-bend segment with about 50-450 μm long.The deepest bend reached the boundary of the outer and inter medulla,where the loop ran winding. Conclusion The difference of both distribution and the epithelium of loop bends in ISOM suggests the differential reabsorption in ultra filtration composition in different levels in ISOM,which may contribute the formation the increase osmotic gradient in ISOM.In addition,the finding that both distribution and the epithelium of the loop bend are associated with corresponding glomeruli suggests that there may be a systemic regulation between the filtration of glomerul Related Articles | Metrics

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Distribution of the mouse long loop nephron in medulla 2012, 43 (2):  250-252.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0529-1356.2012.02.019 Abstract ( )   Objective The formation of the osmotic gradient in the renal medulla has close relation with epithelial transport and the spatial arrangement of Henle,s loops and vessels.The objective of the present study was to investigate the tubular course of the long loop nephrons (LLN) in the medulla. Methods Three C57BL/6J mice were fixed by perfusion and embedded in Epon 812.Tissue blocks were cut perpendicularly to the longitudinal axis of the kidney,and a total of 2 000serial sections with a thickness of 2.5 μm were obtained from the surface of the kidney to the inner medulla.Using image recording and alignment, 26 LLN were identified,traced and 3D-reconstructed with a series of computer programs written in the C programming language. Results The LLN initiated at the mid-cortex and juxtamedullary cortex of the kidney.Their bends were located at various levels of theinner medulla,but the deepest bends reached the papillary.Interestingly,descending thin limbs of the LLN ran tortuously in the outer part of the inner stripe of the outer medulla,and the length of the tortuous part of the tubules was two times of the direct distance in that area.The winding descending thin limb ran in distance but paralleled with its isogenous thick ascending limb.The thick ascending limbs of the longer LLN ran in the vascular bundles in the inner stripe of the outer medulla.In the inner part of the inner stripe of the outer medulla,descending thin limbs ran adjacently with thick ascending limbs. Conclusion A winding course of descending thin limbs in the inner stripe of the outer medulla of LLN increases in the length of the corresponding segments,suggesting an impact in the formation of the osmotic gradie Related Articles | Metrics

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Preparation and identification of a whole kidney decellularized bio-derived scaffold 2012, 43 (2):  253-257.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0529-1356.2012.02.020 Abstract ( )   Objective To prepare a whole kidney decellularized extracellular matrix bio-derived scaffold and to perform preliminary identification. Methods The kidney with ureters and renal vessels was harvested from adult SD rats.Intravenous catheters were inserted through the renal arteries to establish channels for whole-kidney perfusion successively with heparinized PBS,0.05% trypsin,1%Sodium dodecyl sulfate（SDS）,1% Triton X-100 and antibiotic-containing PBS under a pressure of 3.6 mmHg in 37℃.After decellularization,the scaffold and native kidney were observed through genomic DNA content analysis,transmission electron microscopy,HE staining,immunofluorescence and vascular cast. Results Quantitative analysis of DNA content within the scaffold showed a 97% decrease compared to the native kidney.The agarose gel electrophoresis showed no DNA bands associated with the decellularized scaffold.Transmission electron microscope,HE and immunohistochemistry showed a lot of collagen fibers but no visible cell nuclei remained after decellularization.Cast specimen showed that renal arteries were more sparse,but still full and clear compared with the native kidney. Conclusion The method of combined enzymatic digestion and detergent washing,soaking through the infusion is a simple,ideal preparation for the bioengineering scaffold of the kidney,which enables the quick and consistent removal of all the cellular components of the tissue,leaving behind mostly intact the extracellular Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of osteopontin on EM>in vitro/EM> fertilization and embryo development of mice 2012, 43 (2):  258-261.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0529-1356.2012.02.021 Abstract ( )   Objective To investigate the effect of osteopontin(OPN) on in vitro fertilization and embryo development of the mouse. Methods Totally 120 females and 30 males of Kunming white strains mice were used in our experiment.Mouse sperms,ova,pronucleus embryos,and 2-cell embryos were treated with various concentrations of OPN antibody (OPN-Ab).Fertilization,cleavage and embryo development were observed.Results When mouse sperms and ova were pretreated by various concentrations of OPN-Ab,the fertilization rate was significantly lower than that of the control group(EM>P/EM> 0.01).When pronucleus embryos were pretreated by various concentrations of OPN-Ab,there were no significant differences in the cleavage rate between the 0.01mg/L OPN-Ab and the control group (EM>P/EM> =0.052).The cleavage rate in the 1.00mg/L OPN-Ab group was significantly lower than those in 0.01mg/L (EM>P/EM> 0.01) and 0.10mg/L OPN-Ab group (EM>P/EM> 0.05).Embryonic development was inhibited when 2-cell embryos were pretreated by various concentrations of OPN-Ab.There were no significant differences in both the 4-cell and the 8-cell cleavage rates between in the 1.00mg/L OPN-Ab group and in the 0.10 mg/L OPN-Ab group (EM>P/EM> ＞0.05),but their blastocyst formation rates were lower in the 1.00mg/L OPN-Ab than those in the 0.10mg/L OPN-Ab group (EM>P/EM> 0.01).The blastocyst formation rates of both 4-cell and 8-cell groups were significantly lower in the 1.00mg/L OPN-Ab group than those in the 0.01mg/L OPN-Ab group (EM>P/EM> 0.01). Concl Related Articles | Metrics

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Changes of trefoil factor 3 in hypophysis during healing of experimental gastric ulcer in rats 2012, 43 (2):  262-267.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0529-1356.2012.02.022 Abstract ( )   Objective To explore the function of trefoil factor 3(TFF3) during the self-healing of experimental gastric ulcer in rats,and to observe the changes of TFF3 in hypophysis and blood serum. Methods The expression and changes of TFF3 peptide and mRNA in hypophysis at 42 gastric ulcer，21 saline and 6 normal rats were detected by immunohistochemical SP and RT-PCR methods respectively.The content of TFF3 peptide of blood serum in different phase was detected by ELISA.In situ hibridazation method (ISH) was used to detect the location of TFF3 mRNA in hypophysis. Results TFF3 immunoreactive profiles were mainly located in some cells of adenohypophysis(AP),and neurohypophysis（NP）,but TFF3 mRNA only in some cells of AP by ISH.The average absorbance(AA) values increased from the day 1 to 6 after gastric ulcer，reached its penk on the 6th day,then a little decreased on the day 10, increased on day 14 again,then decreased on the day 23，but remained at a high level compared with the control group（EM>P /EM>0.01 orEM> P/EM> 0.05）.In NP,there was a high level undulation from day 2 to 23 with the highest on the 14th day（EM>P/EM> 0.01 or EM>P /EM>0.05）.TFF3mRNA transcription was detected in every group.The AAof TFF3/GAPDH was obviously higher in gastric ulcer group on the day 2to 23 compared with the control group（EM>P/EM> 0.01 Related Articles | Metrics

人类学

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Skinfold thickness of Han in Shanxi 2012, 43 (2):  268-272.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0529-1356.2012.02.023 Abstract ( )   Objective To study the adult skinfold thicknesses of Han of Shanxi province. Methods Using the random sampling method, the skinfold thicknesses of the facial, triceps,biceps, subscapular,suprailiac and calf regions of 803 Han adults ( 150 urban males and 153 urban females,251 rural males and 249 rural females ) in Qi county of Shanxi province were studied .The skinfold thickness characters of Han adults in Shanxi with the increasing age was analyzed. Results The skinfold thickness of females was thicker than males ,and there were statistically significant differences between genders. The skinfold thickness of urban males was thicker than rural males,and there were statistically significant differences between urban areas and rural areas. The 6 skinfold thicknesses changed with the increasing age.Correlation analysis showed that the skinfold thickness of the face was thickening and of the calf was thinning. In addition, female skinfold thickness of the subscapular region was increasing as well .Conclusion Skinfold thickness of Han in Shanxi has the characters of North Asian ty Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis and comparison of tooth wear of the Bronze-Iron Age and recent population in China 2012, 43 (2):  273-277.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0529-1356.2012.02.024 Abstract ( )   Objective To investigate the tooth wear of mandibular first molar (MSUB>1/SUB>) in Bronze-Iron Age and recent population in China .Methods This study was conducted on 230 human mandibles from China. MSUB>1/SUB> was divided into 4 areas, tooth wear of each area was recorded. Comparisons were made among 4 areas and different time periods. Results Tooth wear of Bronze-Iron Age people was more obvious than recent population. Area 1 had the biggest wear, while area 2 had the smallest. Conclusion Tooth wear exhibits a sequence of area 1＞ area 3＞ area 4＞ area 2 in MSUB>1/SUB>, and this ki Related Articles | Metrics

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Physical anthropology of the Miao nationality of Renhuai in Guizhou 2012, 43 (2):  278-283.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0529-1356.2012.02.025 Abstract ( )   Objective To accumulate data for the physical anthropology research of Miao nationality adults,and to find out the kinship and difference between this group and the other 12 nationalities. Methods Viviperception and measurement was used to study the caudomedial part traits of 376 Miao nationality adults (194 males and 182 females) who lived in Renhuai city in Guizhou,and statistical software SPSS13.0 was used to process data. Results Straight thunmb more than straight thumb hyperextension type of the Miao nationality of Renhuai city in Guizhou(males 66.5%,females 58.8%), glabrous of middle finger more than pileous(males 56.2%,females 58.3%), ring finger of most males and females were more than the index finger(males 88.7%,females 91.8%).A host of their handedness(males 90.7%，females 94.5%),arm folding(males 53.1 %，females 54.4%) were type R, and most of their hand clasping(males 73.7%，females 72.5%) were type L.The difference of limb length between men and women was significantly obvious（EM>P /EM>0.05），except the length of the upper and lower extremities（EM>P/EM> ＞0.05）.The majority of males were trunk type(49%) and more females tended to be long trunk type(46.2%).Numerous males belonged to wide hand(34.0%), and more females tended to be narrow hand(42.3%).More males tended to be trunk type(49.0%), and more females tended to be Long trunk type(46.2%). Most of males were submakroskelic type and mesatiskelic type(each account for 34%).More of females tended to be Submakroskelic type .Conclusion The physical character of the Miao nationality living in Houshan township of Renhuai city in Guizhou is most closely related to the Wa nationality in Yunnan Gengma, Kemu nationality in Yunnan Mengna, Nu nationality in Nu river, Deng in Modern Tibet Chayu, Bouyei in Guizhou Zhouqin, Derung in Gongshan and Mang in Jinping, and females also is most closely related to the Luoba Na Related Articles | Metrics

技术方法

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Novel liquid nitrogen freezing method for establishing a rabbit model of femoral head osteonecrosis and its reliability evaluation 2012, 43 (2):  284-288.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0529-1356.2012.02.026 Abstract ( )   Objective To establish a reliable and therapeutic available rabbit model of osteonecrosis of the femoral head（ONFH）using a novel liquid nitrogen freezing method. Methods Twenty-one New Zealand white rabbits were recruited in this study.Aseptically, gluteus muscles were bluntly separated, the bilateral round ligaments of the femur were cut off and the femoral heads were exposed. Medical cotton stickers were dipped in liquid nitrogen and then used to frozen the bilateral femoral heads by three times alteration of freezing and rewarming. The femoral heads of the model were examined by gross morphology, X-ray photography, and histopathology at 3 days, 7 days, 2 , 4 , 6 and 8 weeks post-operation, respectively. Results X-ray photography showed that the bone density of femoral heads increased at 2 weeks, and was not uniform at 4 weeks post-refrigeration. After 6 weeks, the femoral heads presented irregular shape and a marginal lucent area.Then collapsed joint surface, widened joint space, and blurred epiphyseal plate were observed at 8 weeks post-refrigeration. Gross morphology manifestly demonstrated an aggravating cartilage and bone injury of femoral heads with time elapsed. Histopathologic results showed that necrosis of chondrocytes and osteocytes occurred at 3 days after freezing,and bone trabeculae of femoral heads were collapsed and disarranged at 2 weeks post-refrigeration. Adipocytes necrosis, angiogenesis, and proliferation of fibrous tissue appeared in bone marrow cavity at 4 weeks. Creeping substitution was visible at 6 weeks. Depository growth of new bone was seen and cells dwelled in epiphyseal plate became crushing and deformation at 8 weeks. Conclusion The novel rabbit model of ONFH by liquid nitrogen freezing method presented here has lower trauma,and approximates to pathological changes of human ONFH, and may be used in ONFH therapeutic related studies including stem c Related Articles | Metrics