Table of Content

2018, Volume 49 Issue 2
06 April 2017 Previous Issue    Next Issue
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Neurobiology

Neurobiology
Review
Bioengineering
Cell and Molecules Biology
Cancer Biology
Medical Education
Anatomy
Anthropology
Histology,Embryology and Developmental Biology


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Neurobiology

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Silencing brainlipid binding protein gene inhibiting the proliferation of rat astrocytes in vitro LI Hao-ming YANG Qing-qing PENG Min QIN Jiang-bing HAN Xiao CHENG Xiang JIN Guo-hua 2018, 49 (2):  137-142.  doi: 10.16098/j.issn.0529-1356.2018.02.001 Abstract ( )   PDF (483KB) ( )   Objective To explore the function of brain-lipid binding protein (BLBP) in cultured rat astrocytes in vitro. Methods After culturing rat astrocytes, BLBP small interference RNA (siRNA) was used to silence the expression of endogenous BLBP. Real-time PCR and Western blotting were applied to detect the level of BLBP and c-Myc; the cells viability was detected by using CCK-8 regent, the proliferated cells were labeled by Ki67, and the cells cycle was investigated by flow cytometry. Results The expressions of BLBP and c-Myc were significantly decreased after treatment of BLBP siRNA. BLBP gene silencing suppressed the cells viability and decreased the proportion of Ki67-positive cells. The result of flow cytometry showed that the insufficient expression of BLBP reduced the cells number of S phase. Conclusion The gene silencing of BLBP inhibits the cells proliferation of astrocytes in vitro. BLBP may regulate the proliferation process of astrocytes. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Regulation of ischemic postconditioning on signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 hyperphosphorylation after cerebral ischemia in tree shrews LI Xia LI Shu-qing 2018, 49 (2):  143-150.  doi: 10.16098/j.issn.0529-1356.2018.02.002 Abstract ( )   Objective To investigate the regulation of signal transducers and activators of transcription 3(STAT3) phosphorylation in the neuroprotection of ischemic postconditioning(PC) in tree shrews and to explore the neuroprotection mechanisms of ischemic PC. Methods Tree shrews were randomly grouped into control，ischemia 4 hours，ischemia 24 hours，ischemic PC 4 hours and ischemic PC 24 hours (n=5). Ten animals were used for HE staining(n=5) and electron microscopy (n=5)．The model of thrombotic cerebral ischemia was induced by photochemical reaction in tree shrews and the ischemic PC was established at hour 4 after ischemia followed by clipped ipsilateral common caroyid artery on the ischemia side (5 minutes×3). The changes of cerebral infarction area were measured with TTC staining. The histological and ultrastructural changes of cortex and hippocampus were observed by HE staining and electron microscope,respectively. The expression of total STAT3 (t-STAT3) and phosphorylated STAT3(p-STAT3) protein in the cortical tissue were detected by Western blotting. Results The ischemic group showed cortical vascular endothelial cell edema, cortical and hippocampal neurons pycnosis, mitochondrial swelling and partial disrupt, the damage was obvious and the cerebral infarction area was (24.78±2.06)% at hour 24 after cerebral ischemia. With the time prolonging of ischemia, the phosphorylation of STAT3 in the cortical neurons was significantly increased (0.24±0.1, P<0.01）at hour 4 and increased continuously (0.32±0.1, P<0.01）at hour 24 after cerebral ischemia. But the damage of vascular endothelial cell and neurons was alleviated and the cerebral infarction area was decreased (17.67±1.90)% (P<0.01）at hour 24 after ischemic PC. Compared with the ischemia group, the phosphorylation of STAT3 was further increased at hour 4 (0.41±0.09, P<0.01）and was significantly increased at hour 24 (0.70±0.11, P<0.01）after ischemic PC. Conclusion Cerebral ischemia may lead to compensatory increase of STAT3 phosphorylation and the neuroprotection of ischemic PC may be related to the promotion of STAT3 phosphorylation in tree shrews. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Neurobiology

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Effects of DAPT on learning and memory abilities and the regulation of Notch signaling pathway in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury mice WANG Jun-jie ZHANG Xian-hu ZHU Jun-de GE Guo KANG Chao-sheng 2018, 49 (2):  151-157.  doi: 10.16098/j.issn.0529-1356.2018.02.003 Abstract ( )   PDF (890KB) ( )   Objective To study the effect of DAPT on learning and memory abilities and the regulation of Notch signaling pathway in the cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury mice. Methods A total of 140 health male mice were randomly divided into the sham group, the ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) group, and the DAPT group. Each group was subdivided into the 3 days, 7 days and 14 days subgroups. The learning and memory abilities were detected by Y-maze at one day before execution. Infarct volume was detected by triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining. The colorimetric method was used to detect the superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) content. The morphological structures and Hes1 immunopositive cells in the hippocampal CA3 area were observed under a light microscope. Quantitative analysis was performed by cell morphometric technique. The expression of Hes5 protein was detected by Western blotting. Results Compared with the sham group, the learning and memory abilities of both the I/R group and the DAPT group were obviously improved and the SOD activity was significantly increased, but the contents of MDA were decreased (P＜0.05). After DAPT treatment, the SOD activity was obviously decreased, nevertheless the contents of MDA were increased in the DAPT group(P＜0.05).Under a light microscope, the neurons in the hippocampal CA3 area in the sham group were normal, but the neurons of the I/R group were showed cell edema, the dyeing depth, and loose arrangement, and the large number of neurons losed. The number of neurons in DAPT group increased and the staining became shallower. Compared with the sham group, the quantity of Hes1 immunopositive neurons and the expression of Hes5 protein were obviously improved in both the I/R group and the DAPT group. Compared with the I/R group, the expressions of Hes1 and Hes5 in DAPT group were decreased(P＜0.05). Conclusion DAPT can significantly reduce cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury，which is closely related to the activation of Notch signaling pathway. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Kinesin1-mediated neuronal axoplasmic transport disorder in cerebral cortex of amyloid precursor protein/presenilin-1 transgenic mice WANG Qian FAN Wen-juan SUN Yi-zheng WANG Lai DENG Jin-bo 2018, 49 (2):  158-165.  doi: 10.16098/j.issn.0529-1356.2018.02.004 Abstract ( )   PDF (1459KB) ( )   Objective To understand the roles of axonal transport proteins, kinesin1 and SIM-312, in the pathogenesis and development of Alzheimer’s disease. Methods Amyloid precursor protein（APP）/ presenilin-1（PS1）transgenic mice (n=40) and wild type mice (n=40) from postnatal day 30 to postnatal day 360 were used in the study. Amyloid beta-peptides(Aβ）plaques and astrocytes in cerebral cortex were visualized with immunofluorescent labeling and Western blotting. Results Compared with wild type mice, Aβ plaques and astrocytes increased in cerebral cortex of APP/PS1 mutant mice, especially after 9 months, with statistical significance. However, after 9 months, the number of kinesin1-positive cells decreased in APP/PS1 transgenic mice, and SIM-312 positive neurofilaments appeared tangled in the cerebral cortex of AD mice as well. Conclusion Abnormal kinesin1 and SIM-312 are involved in axonal transportation disorder in AD mice, suggesting they are the important pathogenic factors of AD. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of Panax notoginseng total saponin on lipopolysaccharide induced depression-like behavior and expression of microglia in mice ZENG Jia-yu WANG Zhen NIU Lei LUO Shi-shi LIU Zheng-hai CAO Wen-yu XU Yang WAN Wei CHEN Xi 2018, 49 (2):  166-171.  doi: 10.16098/j.issn.0529-1356.2018.02.005 Abstract ( )   PDF (648KB) ( )   Objective To investigate the effect of Panax notoginseng total saponins (PNS) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced depression-like behavior and expression of microglia in mice. Methods Totally 24 male Kunming mice were randomly divided into NS group, LPS group and PNS+LPS group. Depression-like behavior was investigated by novelty-suppressed feeding test, sucrose preference test, tail suspension test and forced swimming test. Expression of microglia marker ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule-1 (IBA-1) in the hippocampus and amygdala was determined by Immunohistochemistry assess. Results LPS led to prolonged latency in the novelty-suppressed feeding test (P<0.05), reduced sucrose preference (P<0.05), and increased immobility time in the tail suspension test (P<0.05) and forced swimming test (P<0.01), while PNS treatment could effectively reverse the depression-like behavior induced by LPS injection (P<0.05). LPS injection led to significantly increased number of IBA1 positive cells in the hippocampus and amygdala (P<0.0001), which was attenuated by PNS treatment (P<0.05).Conclusion Our findings indicate that PNS can alleviate LPS-induced depression-like behavior in mice, which may be attributed to the inhibiting of microglia activation in the hippocampus and amygdala. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Morphological and electrophysiological characteristics of muscular nociceptive neurons in the rat FANG Ye-hong LIU Fan CUI Huan QIN Li-nan HE Yu-miao SU Si2 XIE Yi-kuan MA Chao 2018, 49 (2):  172-178.  doi: 10.16098/j.issn.0529-1356.2018.02.006 Abstract ( )   PDF (953KB) ( )   Objective To investigate the morphological and electrophysiological characteristics of muscular nociceptive neurons in adult na?ve rats. Methods Fluorescent dye 1,1’-dioctadecyl-3,3,3’,3’-tetrame-thylindocarbocyanine perchlorate（Dil,200 mg/L）was injected into the right anterior tibialis muscle to label the primary muscular sensory neurons in the dorsal root ganglions (DRGs). Immunohistochemical staining and in vivo electrophysiological recordings of DRG neurons were conducted 7-12 days after injection. Results Primary sensory neurons innervating the anterior tibialis muscle (including small, medium and large sized somata) were mostly located in the lumbar(L)3, L4 and L5 DRGs (number of DiI+ neurons: 19.8±7.1, 26.5±8.0 and 14.2±5.0, respectively，n=8). Immunohistochemistry results showed that calcitonia gene related peptide (CGRP)+ (peptidergic) neurons innervating the anterior tibial muscle accounted for 31.5%, 26.1% and 22.3% of DiI+ neurons in L3, L4 and L5 DRG, respectively; while isolectin B4(IB4)+ (non-peptidergic) neurons accounted for 45.8%, 45.1% and 40.6% of DiI+ neurons in L3-L5 DRG, respectively. The transient receptor potential vanilloid type-1 (TRPV1)+ neurons accounted for 27.2%, 26.3%, and 32.1%, of DiI+ neurons in L3-L5 DRG, respectively. Electrophysiological recordings revealed that most of the neurons responding to 40mN or higher force mechanical stimulation were medium and small neurons. The mechanical threshold of nociceptive neurons is generally larger than 80mN (nociceptive sensory neurons), with large and variable peripheral receptive fields. Most of the neurons (8/10) with conduction velocity measured by electrically stimulating the sciatic nerve were C-nociceptive ［conduction velocity<1.5 m/s, average mechanical threshold (124.6±40.5) mN］. Conclusion Most of the primary nociceptive neurons innervating the anterior tibial muscle from L3-L5 DRGs in the rat are small-and medium-sized somata, with high mechanical threshold and large peripheral receptive field. In addition, these neurons may express a number of nociceptive neuronal markers. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Review

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Research progress of growth arrest and DNA damage inducible 45α in liver regeneration and liver diseases YANG Xian-guang LI Shuai-hong HE Chun-cui XIA Cong ZHU Lin ZHAO Wei-ming XU Cun-shuan 2018, 49 (2):  268-272.  doi: 10.16098/j.issn.0529-1356.2018.02.022 Abstract ( )   PDF (252KB) ( )   The growth arrest and DNA damage inducible 45 alpha (GADD45α) is a stress-inducible protein. Variety of stress can induce the expression of growth arrest and DNA damage inducible 45alpha(Gadd45α) gene. Gadd45α has been found to be abundantly expressed in various liver diseases, and be closely related to the development and prognosis of liver cancer, liver fibrosis and fatty liver. GADD45α protein plays an important role in regulating cell cycle, maintaining genome stability, and inducing apoptosis by interacting with other proteins. This review summarizes the progress of liver regeneration and GADD45α, and could lay a foundation for further understanding of the mechanism of liver regeneration and liver diseases, and for the treatment and prevention of liver diseases. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Bioengineering

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Finite element analysis of the effect of implantation depth on the distribution of bone stress around the platform switching implant according to type Ⅱ and Ⅲ bone FU Hong-yu CHEN Nan FENG Guang-zhi 2018, 49 (2):  258-263.  doi: 10.16098/j.issn.0529-1356.2018.02.020 Abstract ( )   PDF (881KB) ( )   Objective To analyze the Platform Switching implant-supported denture in posterior mandibular area, to compare the maximal stress value of the bone around the implant with the implant depth, and to use the stress distribution around the implants to guide the clinical selection of appropriate planting program. Methods A simplified model of the alveolar bone in the posterior region of the mandible was drawn using Abaqus 6.13. The simplified model of the straight crown of the mandibular first molar was obtained with the Straumann bone-level implant. Abaqus CAE 6.13 was used to perform finite element analysis to observe the maximal stress of the cortical bone around the implant in different implant depths. The maximal stress of the cortical bone around the implant was measured at different implant depths. Results The maximal Von Mises stress (MVMS) of the bone around the implant was observed on the surface of the cortical bone when the upper surface of the implant was shifted to the upper surface of the cortical bone. With the increase of implant depth, the MVMS in the cortical bone moved along the cortical bone around the upper surface of the implant and reached the minimum value of MVMS when the upper surface of the implant was located a half thickness of the cortical bone. Conclusion Bone stress around the platform switching implant MVMS appeared in the peri-implant cortical bone. The stress concentration of the cortical bone was mainly located in the contact area with the neck platform. Adjusting the implant depth could change the stress concentration in the cortical bone. The upper surface of the implant is located below the level of the alveolar ridge, which helps to relieve the stress of the alveolar crest cortical bone. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Cell and Molecules Biology

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Effects of resveratrol on Shh signaling pathway of NIH3T3 cells GUO Shuang LIAO Hong-yan LIU Jie TANG Fan-ren YANG Qin 2018, 49 (2):  179-184.  doi: 10.16098/j.issn.0529-1356.2018.02.007 Abstract ( )   PDF (545KB) ( )   Objective To investigate the effect of resveratrol on Shh signaling pathway of NIH3T3 cells in vitro. Methods NIH3T3 cells were divided into the control and resveratrol groups. The cells were cultured with resveratrol for 24 hours. Cell viability was detected with CCK-8 assay．Immunofluorescence measured the expressions of Ac-tu, Smo, and Gli-1. Western blotting assayed the expressions of Shh, Ptc-1, Smo and Gli-1 proteins. Results Compared with the control group（0.585±0.039）, 0.5（0.679±0.047, P＜0.05 and 1.0 μmol/L（0.774±0.054, P＜0.05 resveratrol significantly enhanced the viability of NIH3T3 cells, and the peak was 1.0 μmol/L. On the contrary, 10, 20, 40, 80 μmol/L resveratrol significantly decreased the viability of NIH3T3 cells（0.428±0.043, 0.395±0.031, 0.373±0.017, 0.361±0.016, respectively). However, 0.1（0.602±0.065）and 5 μmol/L（0.556±0.041）resveratrol did not affect the viability（P>0.05）. NIH3T3 cells had one primary cilia and expressed the proteins of Ac-Tu, Shh, Ptc-1, Smo and Gli-1.Smo and Gli-1 proteins were located in the cytoplasm. At 24 hours for resveratrol treat, Gli-1 protein translocated into the nucleus from cytoplasm and Smo protein entered the primary cilia from the cytoplasm. Expressions of Shh（0.756±0.659 vs 0.441±0.769，P＜0.05,Ptc-1（0.655±0.347 vs 0.351±0.026，P＜0.05,Smo（0.779±0.064 vs 0.451±0.035，P＜0.05 and Gli-1（0.856±0.044 vs 0.560±0.058，P＜0.05 proteins significantly compared with the control group. Conclusion Resveratrol can enhance viability of NIH3T3 cells via activating Shh signaling pathway. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Inhibitory effect of soybean isoflavone on benign prostatic hyperplasia and its mechanism XU Guang-chi LIU Tao DONG Bo MENG Yin 2018, 49 (2):  185-190.  doi: 10.16098/j.issn.0529-1356.2018.02.008 Abstract ( )   PDF (326KB) ( )   Objective To observe the effects of soy isoflavones (SI) on sex hormones, growth factors and apoptosis related genes in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) rats, and to explore the prevention and mechanism of SI on BPH. Methods One hundred healthy adult male SD rats (SPF) were randomly divided into the normal control (NC) group (n=20), BPH model group (n=20), low-dose of SI group (n=20), medium-dose of SI group (n=20) and high-dose of SI group (n=20). After intragastric administration for 4 weeks, the rats were anesthetized and the abdominal aorta blood collected for preparing serum. The prostate tissues were obtained from the rats after blood collection and weighed, and the prostatic indexes (PI) were calculated. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was performed to detect the levels of estradiol (E2) and testosterone (T) in serum of the rats. The expressions of Fas, FasL, Bax, Bcl-2, epidermal growth factor (EGF) and EGF receptor (EGFR) were detected by Western blotting. Results Compared with the NC group, the wet weight of prostate and PI of rats in the BPH group increased obviously (P＜0.05), the levels of E2 and T in serum enhanced significantly (P＜0.05), the expressions of FasL, Bcl-2, EGF and EGFR in the prostate tissues up-regulated evidently (P＜0.05), while the expressions of Fas and Bax in the prostate tissues down-regulated evidently (P＜0.05). Compared with the BPH group, the wet weight of prostate and PI of rats in the medium-dose of SI and high-dose of SI groups decreased obviously (P＜0.05), the levels of E2 and T in serum decreased significantly (P＜0.05), the expressions of FasL, Bcl-2, EGF and EGFR in the prostate tissues down-regulated evidently (P＜0.05), while the expressions of Fas and Bax in the prostate tissues up-regulated evidently (P＜0.05). In addition, the changes of all the above mentioned indexes in the medium-dose of SI group showed more significant than that in the low dose of SI and high dose of SI groups (P＜0.05). Conclusion SI has an inhibitory effect on BPH, especially with the medium dose. The mechanism may be related to regulating the level of sex hormones, the expression of growth factor and its receptors, as well as the expression of apoptosis genes. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Cancer Biology

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Clinical significance and correlation with prognosis of novel glycosylation isoform of cathepsin D expression in lung cancer ZHANG Hui-juan ZHENG Xiao-wei QIAO Ling LI Hong-chao CHANG Wen-jing LU Feng JIA Cai-yun 2018, 49 (2):  191-197.  doi: 10.16098/j.issn.0529-1356.2018.02.009 Abstract ( )   PDF (458KB) ( )   Objective To study the correlation of novel glycosylation isoform of cathepsin D (CTSD) expression with clinical features and its prognostic value in lung cancer.Methods Immunohistochemistry and Semi-quantitative RT-PCR were used to examine the cathepsin D expression, and Western blotting to analyze characterization of cathepsin D isoforms expression in 119 lung cancer tissues and 39 paraneoplastic tissues. Deglycosylation experiment was performed to check glycosylation-modified condition of cathepsin D. The association of 66kD isoform expression with clinical features and lung cancer prognosis was determined by Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. Results Cathepsin D highly expressed in squamous carcinomas, adenocarcinoma and small cell carcinoma tissues. 66kD protein form of cathepsin D was a novel glycosylation isoform of cathepsin D, its expression was associated with lung cancer histological type, clinical stage, lymph node metastasis and smoking status(P<0.05). The median survival time of lung cancer with 66kD isoform positive and negative expression were 20.0 months and 30.0 months, respectively (P<0.05). Histological type, clinical stage, lymph node metastasis, tumor size and 66kD isoform were independent prognostic factor of lung cancer. Conclusion Positive expression of 66kD isoform of cathepsin D may be one of molecular markers which correlate with poor prognosis of lung cancer. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of 17-allylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin on cell cycle and apoptosis of JAR cells and the associated mechanisms GU Miao BA Yi CUI Li-jun LIU Bai-yi AN Guo-qing LI Yu-hong XU Qian 2018, 49 (2):  198-203.  doi: 10.16098/j.issn.0529-1356.2018.02.010 Abstract ( )   PDF (797KB) ( )   Objective To explore the effects of 17-AAG on cell cycle and apoptosis of Choriocarcinoma cells JAR and to clarify the related mechanisms． Methods Choriocarcinoma cells JAR were cultured in vitro and incubated with 17-allylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17-AAG) at different concentrations for 24 hours. The apoptosis of JAR cells with different concentrations of 17-AAG was measured by TUNEL analysis and flow cytometry (Annexin V-FITC/PI). Cell cycle was analyzed by flow cytometry. Real-time PCR and Western blotting analysis were used for the detection of vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF), cyclinD1,cyclinA1 and Caspase-3 mRNA levels and protein levels. Results 17-AAG had obvious inhibitory effect on JAR cell growth with concentration dependent. When the 17-AAG concentration increased, G2 phase retardation and obvious apoptosis were found in every groups. Real-time PCR revealed an decreased expression level of cyclinD1. Western blotting analysis revealed an decreased expression level of VEGF, cyclinD1 and an increased expression level of Caspase-3. Conclusion 17-AAG can inhibit the JAR cell proliferation activity, induce cell apoptosis, and may exert the effect by down-regulation of VEGF, cyclinD1 and up-regulation of Caspase-3. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect and mechanism of trefoil factor 3 on epithelial-mesenchymal transition of papillary thyroid carcinoma TPC-1 cells LIN Xu WANG Zhi-yong WU Jing-fang ZHANG Wen-jing ZHANG Jing XUE Gang 2018, 49 (2):  204-211.  doi: 10.16098/j.issn.0529-1356.2018.02.011 Abstract ( )   PDF (957KB) ( )   Objective To explore the roles and mechanisms of silence trefoil factor 3(TFF3) on migration, invasion,clony formation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition of thyroid papillary carcinoma TPC-1 cells. Methods Expressions of Snail and TFF3 in tissue microarrays of thyroid papillary carcinoma were analysed by immunohistochemistry. Invasion assays, wound healing assays and colony formation tests were performed to detect the effects of TFF3 on migration, invasion and clony formation of TPC-1 cells. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition(EMT) markers and regulatory molecules were detected by Real-time PCR assay,Western blotting and immunocytochemistry in TPC-1 cells and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling pathway related proteins were examined by Western blotting and immunocytochemistry. Results In 31 cases of papillary thyroid carcinoma, Snail and TFF3 positive signals were observed in the cytoplasm of papillary throid carcinoma(PTC),and were negative in the para-carcinoma.The expression of Snail in papillary thyroid carcinoma showed positive correlation with the expression of TFF3 protein(r=0.8450,P<0.05). Siliencing TFF3 expression markedly inhibited the ability of migration，invasion and clony formation in vitrovia suppressing of the MAPK signalling pathway and inhibited the process of EMT(P<0.05 or P<0.01). Conclusion Knockdown of TFF3 inhibits TPC-1 cells migration,invasion clony formation and EMT related proteins epression through suppressing MAPK/ERK signalling pathway. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Medical Education

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Application of mind mapping in the experimental teaching of medical histology and embryology WANG Qiao-zhi HAN Yi ZHANG Yan Yü Hong ZHANG Wei-guang 2018, 49 (2):  264-267.  doi: 10.16098/j.issn.0529-1356.2018.02.021 Abstract ( )   PDF (391KB) ( )   Objective Mind mapping is a simple and effective visual learning tool. The objective of this study is to explore application effect of mind mapping teaching method in experimental teaching of medical histology and embryology. Methods Seventy-three students from two year 2015 classes who had the same educational programs participated in the study. Traditional teaching mode was used in the control class, while the experimental class was taught by mind mapping teaching method . Questionnaires were conducted for comparative analysis of the final grade of the two classes. Results There were a significant difference between the two classes in the teaching enlightenning and final grade of theory tests, and the experimental class had higher grades (P<0.05).Conclusion Compared with traditional teaching method , mind mapping is more novel, available, inspiring and divergent. Application of mind mapping in the experimental teaching of Medical Histology and Embryology may be an effective approach to improve medical students’ learning efficiency. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Anatomy

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Anatomy of the fascia associated with femoral nerve block: a comparison of sheet plastination and ultrasound images WANG Hua-jian LIN Guo-xiong XU Zhao-yang LIANG Liang MEI Bin ZHANG Ming XU Sheng-chun 2018, 49 (2):  212-216.  doi: 10.16098/j.issn.0529-1356.2018.02.012 Abstract ( )   PDF (448KB) ( )   Objective To reveal the fascial configuration in front of the femoral nerve and to identify accurate anatomical landmarks for the ultrasound-guided femoral nerve block. Methods Three adult pelvices tissues were transversely sectioned for epoxy sheet plastination. Ultrasound-guided femoral nerve block images were collected from 36 patients to compare the result of the plastination study. Results Plastinated slices displayed that the fascia lata was extended from sartorius muscle laterally to the front wall of femoral sheath medially. The fascia lata covered iliac fascia, femoral nerve, iliopsoas and femoral sheath. In four out of six sides, the double layers of fascia lata did not unite in the medial border of the sartorius muscle, but in the remaining two sides, they merged into a single layer in the front of the sartorius muscle. The iliac fascia tightly covered femoral nerve and iliopsoas. Medially, it passed the posterior-lateral femoral sheath and then became the pectineal ligament. The iliac fascia did not form the fascia sheath-like structure to wrap the femoral nerve. The fascia in front of femoral nerve was clearly displayed under ultrasound. In 30 out of 36 cases, the fascia lata had two layers and other six cases showed that the fascia lata had one layer. Conclusion The iliac fascia is closely related to the femoral nerve. It can be used as an ideal anatomical landmark for ultrasound-guided femoral nerve block. The fascia lata may likely be misidentified as the iliac fascia. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Anatomy of tumor resection in trigone of the lateral ventricle via a posterior interhemispheric approach SUN Chong-jing XIE Tao ZHANG Xiao-biao ZHU Wei LI Wen-sheng GU Ye WANG Hong-zhang LIU Teng-fei HUANG Zhi-cai 2018, 49 (2):  217-222.  doi: 10.16098/j.issn.0529-1356.2018.02.013 Abstract ( )   PDF (453KB) ( )   Objective To study the distributing pattern of bridging veins that drain into superior sagittal sinus in the parieto-occipital region, to compare the exposure range of all the interhemispheric approaches targeted at the trigone and to provide anatomical basis for designing and selecting approaches in clinical practice. Methods Craniotomies preserving the lambdoid suture were performed on 5 formalin-fixed and silicone-perfused cadaveric heads. In each specimen, the distance between the posterior fontanelle and torcular was measured, the number and location of bridging veins on either side of the midline were recorded, and the distance between the points where bridging veins joined the superior sagittal sinus and the posterior fontanelle was measured and recorded. With the help of navigation, different types of interhemispheric approaches were demonstrated in 5 formalin-fixed and silicone-perfused cadaveric head. The navigation bar was used to represent the visual line in surgical procedure. The maximum exposure of each interhemispheric approach was calculated and compared. Results The mean number of bridging veins joining the superior sagittal sinus before the posterior fontanelle and within the distance equal to that between the posterior fontanelle and torcular was 1.4+0.5 on the left, 1.6+0.5 on the right, and 3.0+0.6 on both sides. Compared with the homolateral approaches, the contralateral approaches provided a better lateral exposure. For the position of the cortical or callosal insision, those with a shorter distance to the border between the medial and lateral surface of the parietooccipital lobe had a better lateral exposure. All comparisons were of statistical significance. Conclusion The bridging veins in the parieto-occipital region tend to join the superior sagittal sinus before the posterior fontanelle, therefore it is safer to perform craniotomy behind the lambdoidal suture rather than behind the lambdoidal suture. Among the interhemispheric which approaches targeted at the trigone of the lateral ventricle, the contralateral approaches provide a better exposure in the lateral direction; those with a shorter distance to the border between the medial and lateral surface of the parietooccipital lobe provide a better lateral exposure. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Anatomy of the anterior nasal spine WANG Yong-hua CHEN Hai-song XU Qi FENG Wei-hua 2018, 49 (2):  223-226.  doi: 10.16098/j.issn.0529-1356.2018.02.014 Abstract ( )   PDF (245KB) ( )   Objective To study the occurance rate and the morphology of the anterior nasal spine and its relationship with the age and sex. Methods The occurance rate of anterior nasal spine in 1000 cases of craniofacial(including maxilla) transverse CT, and the morphology of the anterior nasal spine and its relationship with the age and sex, were observed, counted and analized using statistical analysis. Results The overall incidence of anterior nasal spine was 98.20% (982/1000). The incidence rates of anterior nasal spine in male and female were 99.06% (629/635), 96.71% (353/365) respectively; the male was higher than female (χ2=7.1970 P<0.05). The incidence rate in the children group (age ≤7 years), adolescent group (aged 8-18 years) and adult group (age> 18 years) were 92.59% (75/81), 99.25% (133/134), 98.60% (774/785) respectively. The occurance rates of anterior nasal spine in adolescents(99.25%%) and adults(98.60%) were higher than that in children(92.59%). The triangle pattern (64.66%) was the most common type of anterior nasal spine. The triangle pattern was more common in women (74.22%), double rod pattern and the single rod pattern were more common in men(28.46%,8.90%). There was no significant incidence difference of irregular pattern between male and female(3.34%,1.98%). Double rod pattern had the highest occurance rate in young people(58.65%).The incidences of triangle pattern in children(64.00% ) and adults(71.32%) were higher than that in adolescents(26.32%). Single rod pattern had the highest occurance rate in young people(12.78%). The distribution of irregular pattern had no significant difference among different age groups(2.67%,2.56%,2.97%). Conclusion The vast majority of people (98.20%) have anterior nasal spine. The most common shape of the anterior nasal spine is triangle. The occurance rate and shape of anterior nasal spine are related to the sex and age. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Anthropology

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A multivariate analysis on body indices of Han male in China LI Yong-lan 2018, 49 (2):  240-245.  doi: 10.16098/j.issn.0529-1356.2018.02.017 Abstract ( )   PDF (294KB) ( )   Objective To analyse body indices of Han male in China，and to explore the differences of Han body indexes in different areas. Methods Nine physical indexes of 8174 males in rural areas were measured in 36 survey areas (15 northern regions and 21 southern regions) from 2009 to 2013. Indexes of 36 ethnic groups were analyzed with cluster analysis and principal component analysis(PCA). Results Cluster analysis showed that there were significant differences in body characteristics between northern Han and southern Han. The result of PCA showed that most of the northern populations had higher principal component(PCI) values, such as height, body weight, foot length, sitting height and hip circumference than that of the southern populations. The shoulder widths of the northern and southern populations were staggered, indicating that the size of the shoulder width is not a sign of discrimination between the southern and northern populations. Conclusion Genetic factors on the formation of body characteristics have an important impact on the environmental factors, and the economic development level of body development also has an important role. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Polymorphisms of rs3819024 and rs1974226 in interleukin-17A gene in Guangxi populations HUANG Hua-tuo LU Yu-lan WANG Rong QIN Hai-mei WEI Ye-sheng 2018, 49 (2):  246-250.  doi: 10.16098/j.issn.0529-1356.2018.02.018 Abstract ( )   PDF (273KB) ( )   Objective To explore the polymorphisms of rs3819024 and rs1974226 in interleukin-17A (IL-17A) gene in Guangxi populations, and to compare their genotypes and allele frequency with different races and region populations. Methods The polymorphisms of rs3819024 and rs1974226 of 443 Guangxi participants were detected by SNaPshot SNP and DNA sequencing method . Statistical method was used to compare the distribution difference between the genotype and allele frequency of rs3819024 and rs1974226. Four populations (HapMap-CHB, HapMap-JPT, HapMap-CEU, HapMap-YRI) were studied and published by the international HapMap project. Results The rs3819024 polymorphism contained GG, GA and AA genotypes respectively, while the rs1974226 polymorphism contained CC, CT and TT genotypes respectively in Guangxi population. The genotype and allele frequency of rs3819024 and rs1974226 were not significantly different between genders in Guangxi population (P>0.05). The genotype and allele frequency of the rs3819024 polymorphism in Guangxi population were not significantly different from HapMap-HCB (P>0.05), but were significantly different from HapMap-JPT, HapMap-CEU and HapMap-YRI population (P<0.01).The genotype and allele frequency of the rs1974226 polymorphism in Guangxi population were not significantly different from HapMap-HCB and HapMap-JPT population (P>0.05), but were significantly different from HapMap-CEU and HapMap-YRI population (P<0.05). Conclusion There are IL-17A rs3819024 and rs1974226 polymorphisms in Guangxi population, and there are varying degrees of difference in genotype and allele distribution of the two polymorphisms between Guangxi population and different other races and region populations. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Comparison of head facial characteristics between the Manchu-Tungusic group LIU Xiao-yuan WEN You-feng YE Li-ping JU Yue GAO Yan-long HAN Yan CHEN Li 2018, 49 (2):  251-257.  doi: 10.16098/j.issn.0529-1356.2018.02.019 Abstract ( )   PDF (779KB) ( )   Objective To investigate both the head and face characteristics and the kinships of Manchu-Tungusic people. Methods According to the method of anthropometry, 17 head and face index were investigated in 1014 Manchu-Tungusic healthy adults (including Manchu, Ewenki, Hezhen, Oroqen and Xibe) living in Liaoning province, Heilongjiang province and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. The data were input into SPSS 20.0 software package for statistics processing including of variance analysis, chi-square test and cluster analysis, etc. Results The head and facial index of hezhen adults has little difference from manchu and Oroqen（6 and 5 index in Men respectively, 2 and 6 index in female respectively），while it has many differences from xibe (15 index in men, 11 index in female）. The physical characteristics of Hezhen between North and South Tungus is characterized by hyperbrachycephaly,mesoprosopy,leptoprosopy，leptorrhiny and frontal breadth. Manchu as well as Xibe are characterized by brachycephaly, hyperleptoprosopy, leptorrhiny(male), mesorrhin(female),and a little frontal breadth. Ewenki is featured by hyperbrachycephaly, mesoprosopy(male),leptoprosopy(female),and frontal breadth. Oroqen is impressed by mesocephaly(male), brachycephaly(female), hyperleptoprosopy, leptorrhiny, and a little frontal breadth. The result of cluster analysis show that 16 nationalities such as Manchu, Ewenki, Hezhen and Oroqen gather into one category, and Xibe, Yugu and Korean belong to others. Conclusion The Manchu, Hezhen, Oroqen, and Ewenki people are closely related to each other, while the Xibe people are more distantly related to other Manchu-Tungusic people. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Histology,Embryology and Developmental Biology

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Expression of follistatinlike protein 1, adipose tissue inflammation and brown fat in obese mice induced obesity by high-fat diet WANG Xue-meng FANG Dong-liang ZHANG Ying WANG Lu-lu YANG Chun GAO Yan 2018, 49 (2):  227-232.  doi: 10.16098/j.issn.0529-1356.2018.02.015 Abstract ( )   PDF (639KB) ( )   Objective To investigate the effect of follistatin-like protein 1 (FSTL1) on inflammation and brown adipose tissue (BAT) in high-fat diet induced obesity in C57BL/6 J mice. Methods C57BL/6 J mice were divided into two groups and every group contained eight mice. Mice at 6-week of age were fed with high fat diet (HFD) or regular diet (RD) for 12 weeks. The body weight of the mice was measured every week, and the food intake was also recorded. After 12 weeks, glucose tolerance test and insulin tolerance test were performed before sacrifice. Subcutaneous white adipose tissue (SWAT), perirenal white adipose tissue (PWAT), epididymis white adipose tissue (EWAT), and brown adipose tissue (BAT) were collected and weighed. HE staining was applied toobserve Crown-like structures (CLS) in SWAT, PWAT, EWAT and the change of BAT. RT-PCR was performed to evaluate the mRNA levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), interleukin(IL)-6, IL-10 and FSTL in EWAT. Western blotting was used to analyze the protein levels of uncoupling protein 1(UCP1) and FSTL1 in BAT.Results The data showed that body weight and fat weight were significantly increased in HFD mice compared to those in RD mice. Food intake were significantly decreased in HFD mice compared to that in RD mice. Impaired glucose tolerance and insulin tolerance were present in HFD mice. In addition, CLS were observed in EWAT, but not in SWAT and PWAT of HFD mice. The mRNA levels of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-10 in EWAT from HFD mice were significantly increased compared to those from RD mice. Meanwhile, The mRNA levels of FSTL1 in EWAT from HFD mice were also significantly increased compared to that from RD mice. The data from Western blotting showed that both UCP1 and FSTL1 were significantly increased in BAT of HFD mice compared to those in RD mice. Conclusion The present data indicates that the increased expression of inflammation-related genes and function of BAT may be related to the high level of FSTL1 in HFD-induced obesity. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of signaling molecules bone morphogenetic protein-15，6 expression in oophorus cumulus granulosa cells on the developmental ability of human fertilized oocytes LIN Dian-liang QUAN Song KANG Yue-fan YU Ai-li LIN Yuan 2018, 49 (2):  233-239.  doi: 10.16098/j.issn.0529-1356.2018.02.016 Abstract ( )   PDF (814KB) ( )   Objective The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of oophorus cumulus granulosa cells bone morphogenetic protein(BMP)-15，BMP-6 signaling molecules expression on blastocyst information after intractoplasmic sperm injection(ICSI), and assess the associations with the developmental ability of oocytes through ICSI. Methods A total of 119 women receiving ICSI due to male infertility in Fujian Maternity and Children Health Hospital during the period from April 2012 to June 2014 were enrolled in the study.456 oophorus cumulus granulosa cell samples were collected from each oocyte for ICSI. BMP-15, BMP-6, AKL2, AKL6, BMPRⅡ, Smad1, Samd4, Smad5, Samd8 and zinc finger E-box-binding protein(ZEB1) signaling molecules were determined by immunocytochemistry staining and Western blotting assay, while the mRNA expression was quantified using Real-time PCR assay. The molecules expression differences between blastocyst and non-blastocyst groups after ICSI were compared. Results The intensities of immunohistochemical positive staining for BMP15, BMP-6,AKL2,AKL6, BMPRⅡ, Smad1,2,5,and 8 and ZEB1 were at various levels and the positive staining were distributed in oophorus cumulus cells. The intensities of immunohistochemical staining for BMP-15,BMP-6, AKL2,6, BMPRⅡ,Smad1,4 and ZEB1 were higher in the blstocyst group than those in non-blastocyst group from ICSI (P＞0.05). While there no significant differences for staining intensities of Smad5, Smad8 between two groups (P＞0.05). While there was no significant differences of Smad5, Samd8 expression were found between two groups (P＞0.05). Conclusion BMP-15, BMP-6, AKL2, AKL6, BMPRⅡ, Smad1, Samd4 and ZEB1 signaling molecules may play an important role in the development of oocytes and promotion of blastocyst information from embryo culture after oocyte fertilization through ICSI. References | Related Articles | Metrics