Mitochondria are very complex dual membrane organelles in eukaryotic cells. Under physiological conditions, the regeneration and degradation of mitochondria are balanced. When the components of the proteins, lipids and DNA in the organelles are damaged, the steady state of the mitochondria is maintained by means of division, fusion, autophagy and the like, so as to maintain the integrity of the mitochondrial structure and function, which is commonly referred to as a “mitochondrial mass control”. Mitochondrial-derived vesicle (MDV) is a newly discovered pathway of mitochondrial quality control, which plays an important role in the early stage of cell stress and helps maintain the stability of mitochondrial function. In this paper, the discovery of MDV, the transport pathway, the choice of goods and the physiological effects on cells are reviewed.