Table of Content

2015, Volume 46 Issue 5
06 October 2015 Previous Issue    Next Issue

---

For Selected:

Download Citations EndNote Reference Manager ProCite BibTeX RefWorks

Toggle Thumbnails

Select

Head-face anthropometry of Ordos Mongolian LI Yong-lan ZHENG Lian-bin* WANG Qing 2015, 46 (5):  684-689.  doi: 10.16098/j.issn.0529-1356.2015.05.019 Abstract ( )   Objective To study the head-face morphological characters of Ordos Mongolian. Method Reference to relevant provisions of Anthropometric methods, we measured 6 observation indexes and 20 measurement indexes of Head-face of Ordos Mongolian of 336 adults (142 males, 194 females) in Etuoke Banner of Ordos, and the averages of head-face indexes of 11 Mongolia groups were studied by cluster analysis. Results Ordos Mongolia had a high rate of Eyefold of the upper eyelid, and most of them had Mongoloid fold, most of their Nasal root height were middle. Zygomatic projection was projecting, Thickness of lips was thin, eye color was brown. Both males and females of Ordos Mongolian showed Brachycephaly, Mesocephaly, Hypsicephalic, Mesorrhiny. According to morphological facial index, male showed Euryprosopy type and female was Mesoprosopy. The results of cluster analysis of male and female showed that Head-face characteristic of Ordos Mongolian was close to Barags and Tuvas. Conclusion The Head-face characteristic of Ordos Mongolian belongs to the North Asian type of Mongoloid. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Measurements from imaging studies contribute to the restoration of the anatomical position in the extracorporeal liver DAI Yi* CHEN Hong ZHAO Guo-gang YANG Han-feng DENG Shi-san 2015, 46 (5):  646-648.  doi: 10.16098/j.issn.0529-1356.2015.05.012 Abstract ( )   Objective To provide the recovery of the anatomical position of the extracorporeal liver with the aid of measurements obtained from CT and MRI scans of the liver. Methods The correlation of the inferior vena cava (IVC) and portal vein were studied in the transverse, sagittal, and coronal planes of CT and MRI imaging of the liver in 100 patients.To obtained three-dimensional data of the anatomical position of the liver, three angles were determined and measured on three different scanning planes. There were the angle on the transverse plane between horizontal line(tabletop)and the line from the diverticular part of left portal vein to the centre of the IVC; the angle on the sagittal plane between the IVC and tabletop and the angle on the coronal plane between the IVC and middle line of body. Results On the transverse plane, the average left angle was (79.1±9.2)°, on the sagittal plane, the average angle was (7.3±5.1)°, and on the coronal plane, the average angle was (6.1±4.3)°. Conclusion By applying these measurements to the extracorporeal liver, and placing the liver at these angles, the anatomical position can be determined and restored. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Effects of sirtuin 6/nuclear factorκB signaling pathway in delaying hematopoietic stem cell and progenitor cell senescence with ginsenoside R1 during serial transplantation ZHOU Yue* WANG Ya-ping WANG Jian-wei DING Ji-chao 2015, 46 (5):  623-628.  doi: 10.16098/j.issn.0529-1356.2015.05.008 Abstract ( )   Objective To investigate the effect of sirtuin(SIRT)6/nuclear factor(NF)-κB signaling pathway in delaying hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) and progenitor cell(HPC) senescence with ginsenoside Rg1 during serial transplantation. Methods Sca-1+HSC/HPC from male donator mouse was isolated and purified by magnetic activated cell sorting (MACS). Sca-1+HSC/HPC replicability aged modelin vivo was established through the Sca-1+HSC/HPC serial transplantation. The femal recipient mice radiated lethal dose from 60Co γ ray were divided into four groups: the control group, the aged model group, the Rg1 treat aged group and the Rg1 prevent aged group. The effect of Rg1 to delay Sca-1+HSC/HPC senencence in vivo was evaluated by senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) staining, mixed hematopoietic progenitor cell culture and cell cycle assay. The expressions of SIRT6 and NF-κB mRNA and protein were detected by quantitative PCR and Western blotting. Results With the increasing of transplantation, Sca-1+HSC/HPC appeared aging characters. The number of cells entered G0/G1 phase and the percentage of SA-β-gal positive cells was increased, and the number of CFU-Mix was decreased. Compared with the aged model group, the number of cells entered G0/G1 phase and the percentage of SA-β-gal positive cells were decreased, the number of CFU-Mix was increased to Sca-1+ HSC/HPC in Rg1 treat aged group and Rg1 prevent aged group, the expression of SIRT6 mRNA and protein was up regulated and the expression of NF-κB mRNA and protein was down regulated in Rg1 treat aged group and Rg1 prevent aged group.The changes of Rg1 prevent aged group was significantly higher than Rg1 treat aged group. Conclusion Rg1 could resist Sca-1+HSC/HPC senescence during serial transplantation in which the signaling pathway of SIRT6-NF-κB may play an important role. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Division mode of cultured rat cardiac telocytes CHANG Yu-qiao LI Ci-xia GUO Zhi-kun* LI He*GAN Li NIU Yan-fei 2015, 46 (5):  629-633.  doi: 10.16098/j.issn.0529-1356.2015.05.009 Abstract ( )   Objective To explore the Objective To explore the division mode of rat cardiac telocytes in vitroand to provide the morphological evidence for further research of telocytes. Methods Cardiac telocytes were isolated from neonatal rats and cultured with a combined type I collagenase(W/V, 0.1%) -trypsin (W/V, 0.125%) digestion method. The dynamic process of telocytes division was captured under a Live Cell Imaging System or with hematoxylin staining. Results Telocytes cultured with combined enzymes digestion were of high purity, survival for long time and rapid proliferation. Amitosis was observed in telocytes which has a large and budded nuclei. The dumbbell nucleus was then elongated and divided between the mother and daughter cells within the bud neck. Mitosis was characterized by the congregated chromosomes which were gradually shortened and coarsened, and nuclear chromatin arranged tidily in the equatorial plane during prometaphase. Chrosomes were migrated to opposite poles and eventually the formation of the two daughter nuclei was completed during telophase. During cytokinesis, cytoplasm was pulled apart gradually and two new individual daughter cells came into being. Telocytes maintained their typical morphological features in different phases of mitosis. Conclusion There are two different division types in cardiac telocytes in vitro: namely amitosis and mitosis. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Application of hydroxyethyl methacrylat plastic-embedded sectioning technology in the histological analysis of the brain tissue of mouse embryo LI Shuai CHEN Yu-chen ZHANG Xue-xi TONG Xian-jie SONG Xiao-bing FAN Chun -e CHEN Hua-qun* 2015, 46 (5):  690-693.  doi: 10.16098/j.issn.0529-1356.2015.05.020 Abstract ( )   Objective To study the application of plastic embedding technology in the histological analysis of the brain of mouse embryo. Methods The E13.5 embryos were fixed in 4% polyformaldehyde 4℃ overnight. The head was dissected and embedded in hydroxyethyl methacrylat (HEMA). The blocks were sectioned at 4μm thick and stained with HE staining. Results Compared with paraffin embedded sections, the HEMA embedded brains showed much better morphologic and structure preservation, as well as higher quality of HE staining images. Conclusion The HEMA plastic embedding is better than paraffin embedding in the histological analysis of the brain tissue of the mouse embryo. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Preparation and histological evaluation of the decellularized scaffold for porcine common bile duct LI Wen-chun* LI Jing ZHANG Hong-mei WANG Han-qin 2015, 46 (5):  694-698.  doi: 10.16098/j.issn.0529-1356.2015.05.021 Abstract ( )   Objective To evaluate the histological change of porcine common bile ducts before and after treatments with different acellular matrix, and to provide theoretical basis for the application of bile duct scaffold materials for tissue engineering. Methods Thirty porcine common bile ducts were randomly divided into 5 groups: control (A) group: 0.05% trypsin + nuclease (B), 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) + nuclease(C), 1.0% triton X-100 + nuclease(D), 1.0% triton X-100 + 0.1% SDS + nuclease(E) groups. After HE staining, the tissue structure of acellular matrix and the residual cells were observed under a light microscope. The DNA content of acellular matrix was detected using UV spectrophotometry, and the acellular rate was calculated. Results Few residual cells and fiber damage were observed in group B. All the cells were removed and no obvious damages were done in groups C, D and E. The DNA content of group A was (71.24 ± 2.56)μg / 100 mg. The DNA contents of four acellular matrix treatment groups B, C, D and E were statistically different from that of group A (F=15.29, P<0.01). There was obvious acellular matrix treatment effect in the four groups (P< 0.01). The acellular rate of group B was 77.03%, the acellular matrix treatment effect of group B was slightly worse that of groups C, D and E (P< 0.05). The acellular rate of group E was up to 99.03%. Conclusion The acellular matrix treatment effect of 1.0% Triton X-100 + 0.1% SDS + nuclease is satisfactory. The immunogenicity of the common bile duct can be reduced, therefore, it is an ideal acellular method for porcine common bile ducts. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Identification of the downstream signaling pathways of HOXA5 in breast cancer cells ZHANG Li-mei ZHAN Jun ZHANG Hong-quan XUE Li-xiang* 2015, 46 (5):  634-640.  doi: 10.16098/j.issn.0529-1356.2015.05.010 Abstract ( )   Objective To investigate the role of transcriptional factor HOXA5 in breast cancer progression. Methods Stably transfected BT549 and SUM159 cell lines with overexpression of HOXA5 were established. Transwell assay, Western blotting and colony formation were applied to detect cell migration, the expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers and cell proliferation respectively. RNA-seq was further performed to investigate the target genes of HOXA5. Software Cluster 3.0, treeview, database DAVID Bioinformatics Resources and Enrichr were used to analyze the pathways in Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and draw the heatmap. Results In BT549 cells, stable transfection of HOXA5 repressed cell migration(P<0.05), promoted expression of E-cadherin and repressed expression of N-cadherin, Twist1 and Slug. HOXA5 repressed colony formation(P<0.05) and cell proliferation as well. Conclusion Our results reveal that HOXA5 represses cell migration by promoting the transition from mesenchymal to epithelial. RNA-seq results show that HOXA5 may inhibit cancer cell proliferation by regulating glucose and lipid metabolism and may repress cell migration by targeting genes related with cell motility and cell adhension. In addition, HOXA5 may play an anticancer role by regulating tumor necrosis factor (TNF) pathway. Based on these data, we conclude that transcriptional factor HOXA5 represses breast cancer progression and may act as a breast cancer repressor. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Serum lipids levels in Tianzhu Tibetan autonomous county’residents in Gansu province BAI Jing-ya HAI Xiang-jun HE Jin-quan WANG Yu-tang MA Bin FAN Jie HE Ye* 2015, 46 (5):  679-683.  doi: 10.16098/j.issn.0529-1356.2015.05.018 Abstract ( )   Objective To investigate the level of serum lipids and the prevalence rate of abnormal serum lipids (ASLs) in Tianzhu Tibetan Autonomous County’residents in Gansu Province. Methods Serum lipids of 479 Han and Tibetan residents aged from 18 to 74 were collected by cluster random sampling. The participants were assigned into five age groups: 18-34, 35-44, 45-54, 55-64 and over 65 years old groups. The prevalence rate of ASLs was calculated accordance with diagnostic criteria for ASLs in China’s adult dyslipdemia prvention guide in 2007. Results The prevalence rate of ASLs of the residents in this county was 42.17%. High triglyceride（TG）and low high density lipoprotein-cholesterol（HDL-C）were the main types. The prevalence rate of ASLs was the highest in 45-54 years old group. The high total cholesterol (TC), high TG and high Low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) were all highest in 45-54 years old group for males and females. The prevalence rate of ASLs decreased in males and increased in females with ages. The prevalence rate of all types of ASLs was higher in females than in males beyond 45 years old. There was no difference of the prevalence rate of ASLs and abnormal rate of four measures of blood lipids between Han and Tibetan residents. Conclusion The prevalence rate of ASLs is relatively high in Tianzhu Tibetan Autonomous County ′residents in Gansu Province，and there are more variations of incidence and categories of ASLs between genders. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Transplantation studies of induced pluripotent stem cells at different differentiated stages LI Jun DU Xiao WU Yan-shuang LEI Lei* 2015, 46 (5):  699-703.  doi: 10.16098/j.issn.0529-1356.2015.05.022 Abstract ( )   Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) which derived from reprogrammed somatic cells, are totipotential cells similar to embryonic stem cells. Recently, iPSCs technology has been promptly improved in methods of induction and in vitro differentiation. Consequently, iPSCs at different differentiated stages have been widely studied in cell transplantation experiments. Here, we summarize the current studies of iPSCs transplantation, and reviewe some novel methods comparing with the older one. We propose that some problems need to be resolved before iPSCs could be applied in clinic therapy. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Advance in the study of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell differentiation into hepatocyte in vitro DAI Ke-qiang DING Yi FAN Jin-yu XU Cun-shuan* 2015, 46 (5):  704-709.  doi: 10.16098/j.issn.0529-1356.2015.05.023 Abstract ( )   Liver diseases have become one of the most important causes of morbidity and mortality in the world. Therapeutic methods such as orthotopic liver transplantation, hepatocyte transplantation, bioartificial liver etc are considered to treat the advanced liver disease. However, the lack of liver donor in liver transplantation and the shortage of cells sources in cytotherapy are the major obstacles for these treatment methods. Exploring new origins of extra-hepatic cells is needed. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs), characterized as multiple differentiation, rapid self-renewal, and easy to be cultured and proliferated, have been considered as the most promising source of cells. A number of recent studies have shown that BMSCs can be differentiated into hepatocytes like cells (HLCs) in vitroandin vivo. This paper reviews the up-to-date achievements and progresses in the field of isolation, characterization and induction of BMSCs, summarizes the superiority and existence question of each kind of induction condition, and finally makes a summary and expectation for this research field. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Expression of imprinting gene in mouse parthenogenetic embryos and parthenogenetic embryonic stem cells SONG Si-hang ZHANG Zi-hui LIAO Chen LEI Lei* 2015, 46 (5):  710-714.  doi: 10.16098/j.issn.0529-1356.2015.05.024 Abstract ( )   The development of mice parthenogenetic embryos can not be beyond 10.5days, because of the defect in extra-embryonic tissues and the abnormal expression of imprinting gene. Establishment of mice diploid or haploid parthenogenetic embryonic stem cells may be applied for searching novel imprinting genes and for cell therapy, which broaden the field of scientific research and regenerative medicine. Aggregation of parthenogenetic embryos as a convenient method not only can notably increase the efficiency of establishing parthenogenetic stem cells but also improve the expression level of imprinting genes. This improvement probably achieves through compensation of imprinting genes expression among different parthenogenetic embryos. In this paper we discuss the expression of imprinting genes in mice parthenogenetic embryos, aggregated parthenogenetic embryos, parthenogenetic haploid embryonic stem cells, parthenogenetic diploid embryonic stem cells and parthenogenetic embryonic stem cells derived from aggregated embryos. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Retinal regeneration in Zebrafish ZHANG Shu-qiang LIU Dong XU Hui* 2015, 46 (5):  715-719.  doi: 10.16098/j.issn.0529-1356.2015.05.025 Abstract ( )   After retinal injury or disease, mammals exhibit very limited capacity to repair a damaged retina. In contrast, teleost fish such asZebrafishmount a robust regenerative response that recovers all types of lost neurons and glia and restores visual function. The source of cells responsible for this regeneration has been identified as Müller glia. Recent studies have revealed many important signaling and molecular mechanisms regulating Müller glia dedifferentiation and proliferation. In this review, we summarize the history of retinal regeneration research, models of injury, source of cells for regeneration, and its underlying molecular mechanisms. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Sex differences in the relative length of phalange in rhesus macaques (Macaca Mulatta) from the Taihang Mountains ZHAO Xiao-jin* TIAN Hua-xiang HU Hai-yang HU Feng-xia 2015, 46 (5):  673-678.  doi: 10.16098/j.issn.0529-1356.2015.05.017 Abstract ( )   Objective To study the sex difference for size and distribution of the length ratios of the phalanges in rhesus macaques from the Taihang Mountain. Methods The length of 100 fingers and 120 toes in the male and 250 fingers and 250 toes in the female on both sides of adult rhesus macaques was measured. Length ratios were constructed for all possible pairings of the five bones in each individual fingers and toes. Statistical data were analyzed by SPSS version 20.0. Results Firstly, for Macaca Mulatta, the absolute length of the five fingers and five toes exhibited significant differences between the sexes (P<0.001). Secondly, all the ten finger ratios had no sex determination (P>0.05). Thirdly, six in the ten toe ratios showed substantial sex difference (P<0.05 or P<0.01), and the ratios were significantly smaller in females than in males. The toe length ratios showing the largest sex difference was 1D:4D and 1D:5D in the lower order ratios. Finally, the present findings suggested the sex-differentiated digit length ratios pattern in Macaca Mulatta were different from other non-human primates. Conclusion The digit ratios in Macaca Mulatta are primarily affected by three factors, which are social behavior, levels of intra-female competition, and categories of intra-male competition after controlling for possible functional confounds such as substrate and phylogenetic effects. The pattern of sex-differentiated digit length in rhesus monkey may be associated with prenatal exposure to testosterone. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Effects of juglone on the proliferation and apoptosis of HeLa cells ZHANG Wei ZHANG Ruo-wen ZHU Wen-he LI Yan LUO Jun ZHAO Xing-yu XU Jun-jie JIANG Yan-xia Lü Shi-Jie* 2015, 46 (5):  641-645.  doi: 10.16098/j.issn.0529-1356.2015.05.011 Abstract ( )   [Abstract]：AIM:To Objective To explore the pro-apoptotic mechanism of juglone in human cervical cancer HeLa cells, and to study its associated signal transduction pathways. Methods Cultured HeLa cells were incubated with 30μmol/L juglone for 24,48 and 72 hours. The proliferation of HeLa cells was detected by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT)assay. The cell apoptosis was detected by Hoechst 33258 staining and flow cytometry (FCM); The expressions of Bcl-2，Bax and Caspase-3,Akt,pAkt and PTEN were detected by Western blotting. Results MTT results showed that the HeLa cell growth was greatly inhibited in a time dependent manner (P<0.05,P<0.01) when compared with the control group. After treatment on HeLa cells for 4，8 and 12 hours, typical morphological changes of cell apoptosis such as karyopyknotic pyknic hyperfluorescence bolus，nuclear fragmentation and apoptotic body were observed by Hoechst 33258 staining. The early apoptosis ratio was increased significantly when compared with the control group. Western blotting results showed that the expression of Bcl-2 and pAkt decreased obviously，whereas those of Bax, Caspase-3 and Akt increased significantly in the juglone treatment group when compared with the control group. Conclusion Juglone may inhibit PI3K/Akt pathway, thereby promoting HeLa cells apoptosis. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Contributions of bone morphogenetic protein -2 to a cardiac outflow tract in the development of the mouse embryo QU Xu-kuan HONG Xiao-yang JING Ya YANG Yan-ping XU Zhi-hui CUI Hui-lin QIAO Cong-jin LI Hai-rong* 2015, 46 (5):  649-654.  doi: 10.16098/j.issn.0529-1356.2015.05.013 Abstract ( )   Objective To explore the contribution of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) in the development of the cardiac outflow tract(OFT) of the mouse embryo. Methods Serial paraffin sections of mouse embryonic hearts from embryonic day 9(E9) to E15 were stained with antibodies against α-sarcomeric actin(α-SCA), islet-1(ISL-1), proliferating cell nuclear antigen(PCNA) or BMP-2 by the immunohistochemical method. Three to seven mice were examined for each stage. Results At E9, no cell was observed in the cardiac jelly of OFT. Scarce PCNA expressing cells were found in OFT myocardium. Weak BMP-2 expressed in the OFT myocardium, endocardium and dorsal pericardium. During E9-11, with the addition of cardiomyocytes derived from the second heart field to the arterial pole, the OFT lengthened. The proliferation rate of these newly added cells dropped gradually during recruitment into the OFT. During E10-11, mesenchymal cells gradually filled the OFT ridges, some of them expressing BMP-2, PCNA. BMP-2 expression in myocardium of OFT was up-regulated to the peak at the stages and tapered off toward the poles, reaching up to the reflection of pericardium at the arterial pole. At E12, the OFT shortened and its BMP-2 expression level was down-regulated. During E13-15, the mesenchymal outlet septum were gradually myocardialized and weak BMP-2 expression was restricted to the OFT myocardium adjacent to the great vessels. During E10~13, myocardium of the distal OFT showed low proliferation activity while myocardium of the proximal OFT and right ventricle proliferated into trabeculae and resulted in the development of right ventricle. Conclusion BMP-2 induceds the precursors from the second heart field to differentiate into cardiomyocytes and add to the arterial pole of the heart. BMP-2 is participated in the development of OFT ridges. BMP-2 inhibites cardiomyocytes of OFT proliferating and its down-regulation in the proximal portion reinitiated cardiomyocytes proliferating, which leads to the development of right ventricle and shortening of the OFT. Low level of BMP-2 might induce mesenchymal cells in OFT septum to differentiate into cardiomyocytes. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Expression of oligodendrocyte transcription factor and neurological cadherin in the developing spinal cord of the human embryo ZHANG Yong ZHANG Ju-shi CHEN Jian-er LIU Xue-hong* 2015, 46 (5):  655-659.  Abstract ( )   Objective To investigate distribution of the oligodendrocyte transcription factor (Olig) and neurological cadherin（N-cadherin） in the developing human embryonic spinal cord and their clinical significance. Methods Immunohistochemistry was uesd to detect the expression and distribution of Olig and N-cadherin proteins in the spinal cord of 17 human embryos at the second, third or fourth month gestation. One-Way ANOVA and LSD-t test were employed to compare positive expression number and intensity values of Olig and N-cadherin proteins in spinal cord tissues detected in the 3 fetal periods. Results At the second to fourth gestation, the positive expressions of Olig and N-cadherin were seen in the human embryonic spinal cord. With the increase of gestational age, the intensity values of N-cadherin positive cells were gradually increased in the spinal cord, and positive expression intensity values were 117.77±6.72，129.63±9.44 and 133.35±8.15(P<0.01), respectively. Olig positive expression intensity values showed an up and then down trend were 69.98±24.59，85.10±9.19 and 71.62±11.81(P<0.05), respectively. The number of Olig positive cells in the spinal cord were gradually increased and were 9.38±7.80，15.55±7.30，25.59±14.54 (P<0.01), respectively. The results of Olig and N-cadherin showed a significant difference in the spinal cord. Conclusion At the second to fourth gestation, the positive expressions of N-cadherin and Olig suggest that they are closely related to the nerve and glial cells differentiation and development in the spinal cord tissues during the human embryonic growth and development. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Age-related changes in the total number of muscle fibers,cross-sectional areas of the muscle and slow and fast muscle fibers in the rat soleus muscle WANG Ling-zhan* WANG Li-qun MENG Zhuang-zhi WANG Xiao-ping ZHANG Li-wei LI Di LIU Ming-jing 2015, 46 (5):  660-666.  doi: 10.16098/j.issn.0529-1356.2015.05.015 Abstract ( )   Objective To investigate morphological changes of the soleus muscle of SD rats with various ages. Methods The shape and total number of muscle fibers, and crosssectional area (CSA) the soleus muscle of 4-, 18-, 25- and 30-month old male SD rats (5 muscles in each age group) as well as the distributional characteristics and CSA of slow and fast muscle fibers were observed and measured using hematoxylin and eosin staining, succinate dehydrogenase activity assay and immunohistochemistry. Results The shape of muscle fibers in the soleus became irregular with advancing age, combined with splitting and grouping of muscle fibers. The total number of muscle fibers in 30-month soleus reduced significantly compared with that of 4-month muscle (P＜0.05) and the CSA of 30-month soleus also decreased in comparison with that of the other age groups (P＜0.01). The CSA of slow muscle between 4-month and 25-month and the CSA of fast muscle fibers between 18-month and 25-month groups showed no difference (P＞0.05). Conclusion The total number of muscle fibers in soleus and CSA of soleus, slow and fast muscle fibers in soleus in 30month SD rat significantly decline compared with those at the other ages. It probably implies that the serious dysfunctional changes may happen to skeletal muscle in the late stage of aging. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Up-regulated expression of neurotrophin-3 mediated by hypoxia response element attenuates apoptosis induced by hypoxia in PC12 cells ZHANG Jun-feng SHI Li-li ZHANG Li ZHAO Zhao-hua YANG Peng-bo ZHANG Jian-shui LIU Yong XU Xi* 2015, 46 (5):  581-586.  doi: 10.16098/j.issn.0529-1356.2015.05.001 Abstract ( )   Objective To investigate the controlled expression of neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) by HRE under hypoxic conditions and determine the protective effects of conditionally expressed NT-3 on hypoxia-induced apoptosis in PC12 cells. Methods Five copies of the HRE (5HRE) and NT-3 were employed to construct a therapeutic vector, and transferred into PC12 cells. Expression and secretion of NT-3 were detected by ELISA. Apoptosis of PC12 cells induced by hypoxia was assayed by TUNEL. Activation of p-38 and Caspase-3 was detected by Western blotting. Results The retroviral vectors were successfully constructed and transfected into PC12 cells to produce gene transferred cells, PC12-NT3-EGFP, PC12-5HRE-NT3-EGFP and PC12-5HRE-EGFP. Compared with normal conditions, in which NT-3 was expressed at low levels, the expression of NT-3 significantly increased under hypoxic conditions in PC12-5HRE-NT3-EGFP (n=3, P<0.05). The conditional adjustment of NT-3 expression by 5HRE significantly reduced apoptosis induced by hypoxia in PC12-5HRE-NT3-EGFP (n=3, P<0.05). In addition, the hypoxiainduced phosphorylation of both p38 and Caspase-3 activities was decreased in PC12-5HRE-NT3-EGFP under hypoxic conditions (n=3, P<0.05). Conclusion Up-regulated expression of NT-3 mediated by hypoxia response element in response to hypoxia in PC12 cells can protect PC12 cells against hypoxia-induced apoptosis. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide kinase 2 is highly expressed in malignant brain tumors GAO Wei DONG Shi-ye PAN Fei-yan LIU Dan-hui* 2015, 46 (5):  587-590.  doi: 10.16098/j.issn.0529-1356.2015.05.002 Abstract ( )   Objective To investigate the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide kinase 2 (NADK2) expression level in malignant brain tumors.Methods Immunohistochemistry analysis was used to analyze the NADK2 expression level in 75 malignant brain tumors including 55 of astrocytoma, 13 of oligodendroglioma, 3 of medulloblastoma and 4 of ependymoma. The integrated absorbance (IA) was measured by ImageJ software. Results The immunohistochemistry results showed that 74/75 tumor samples showed strong NADK2 staining. The IA results suggested that there was no significant difference between different brain tumor types as well as grades. Conclusion The results indicate that high expression of NADK2 is a general characteristic of malignant brain tumors. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Influence of sonic hedgehog overexpression on Pax family in the spinal cord during chicken embryonic development LI Han YANG Ci-qing QIAO Liang ZHANG Bi-chao LIN Jun-tang* 2015, 46 (5):  667-672.  doi: 10.16098/j.issn.0529-1356.2015.05.016 Abstract ( )   Objective To study the effect of sonic hedgehog (Shh) gene overexpression on Pax family in the spinal cord during chicken embryonic development. Methods At E2.5-E3, Shh expression plasmids and green fluorescence protein (GFP) reporter gene plasmids were co-transfected into chicken embryonic spinal cord by in vivo electroporation. Only GFP reporter gene plasmids were transfected by the same way as control. Samples were collected from three or more embryos from the experimental and control groups and sliced at E4. Thenin situhybridization was used to detect whether Shh was really overexpressed. Immunofluorescence histochemistry was used to study whether Pax3, Pax6 and Pax7 were regulated by the overexpressed Shh.Statistical software was utilized to analyze the expression quantity of Pax3, Pax6 and Pax7 between two sides of the chicken spinal cords in the control and experimental group. Results The results ofin situhybridization showed that Shh was mainly expressed in the floor plate and notochord and the overexpression model of Shh in chicken spinal cord was built successfully in the experimental group. The immunohistochemical positive staining for Pax3 was distributed in alar plate,dermatome, dorsal root and dorsal root ganglion in the E4 chicken embryo spinal cord. The immunofluorescence positive signal for Pax6 was in the middle of spinal cord across the alar plate and the basal plate. The signal of Pax7 mainly existed evenly in the alar plate roof plate and dermatome. There was highly significant difference between electroplated side and normal side (P<0.01). The expressions of Pax3, Pax6 and Pax7 were all depressed by Shh overexpression. Conclusion There are different expression patterns in Pax3,Pax6,and Pax7 in the developmental chicken spinal cord, and the intensities of immunofluorescence positive signal for these genes are decreased by Shh overexpression, which indicates that they are regulated by Shh signal pathway. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Distribution and morphological features of the somatostatin positive neurons in the rat striatum ZHANG Wen-jun YU Ming-yuan WANG Li-li TENG Ke-dao MA Yun-fei* 2015, 46 (5):  591-595.  doi: 10.16098/j.issn.0529-1356.2015.05.003 Abstract ( )   Objective To explore the distribution of somatostatin (SOM) in the striatum of the adult rat. Methods SOM expressions in the six adult rats were localized using immunohistochemistry (ABC method). Results In the rat striatum, SOM positive neurons, yellow brown in color, had strong or moderate immunoreactivity and were mainly distributed in cytoplasm and cytoplasmic processes. Somas were in medium size（111.81±21.42）μm2, and oval orpolygonal in shape. The dosal SOM immunoreactive neurons（113.52±22.36）μm2 were larger than the ventral (110.14±20.59)μm2. The outside SOM immunoreactive neurons（126.23±23.45）μm2 were larger than the inside（97.26±23.63）μm2. SOM immunoreactive neurons were distributed in the ventral medial side（28.34±3.20）％, dorsal-medial region (27.64±3.52)％, ventral-lateral region（24.98±3.17）％, and dorsal-lateral region（19.04±3.12）％. Conclusion The number and size of SOM immunoreactive neurons differ, unveiling the role of SOM in the neural circuits of striatum and providing some morphological basis. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Repair of spinal cord injury by using the tissue engineered nerve grafts constructed by silk fibroin/filament including seed cells LIU Xiao-dong XUE Cheng-bin JU Qian-qian YANG Xiao-hua QIN Jian-bing TIAN Mei-ling Lü Guang-ming* 2015, 46 (5):  596-601.  doi: 10.16098/j.issn.0529-1356.2015.05.004 Abstract ( )   Objective To explore a method for construction of tissue engineered nerve grafts (tissue-engineered nerve grafts, TENGs) using silk fibroin/filament in vitro and to evaluate their roles for repairing spinal cord injury. Methods Isolation and induction of rat skin derived precursors into Schwann cells (SCs). S-100 immunofluorescence histochemical staining was applied for the SCs identification. As seed cells, SCs differentiated from skin derived precursors (SKPs) cultured with silk fibroin conduit and silk filament scaffold in vitro. After culturing for 7 days, the TENGs were transplanted into the injury site of rat dorsal spinal cord (T8-T10) hemisection model. BBB score was evaluated at different time points after the operation. The spinal cord samples were obtained 8 weeks after the operation and immunofluorescence histochemical staining was applied to evaluate the regeneration of the injured spinal cord and the survival of seed cells. Results Under a phase contrast microscope, most of the seed cells were bipolar or tripolar. The immunofluorescence staining showed that SKP-SCs were S-100 positive. After the transplantation of the TENGs into spinal cord injury site, BBB scores were significantly higher in TENGs group than in control group from 4 weeks to 8 weeks. The GFP-positive seed cells were also investigated after 8 weeks after the operation. Conclusion The TENGs constructed by silk fibroin/filament including seed cells may promote repairing of rat spinal cord injury. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Effects of acupoint catgut embedding therapy on nerve cell apoptosis in hippocampus CA1 area of rats with vascular dementia TANG Zhong-sheng WU Chun-peng LUO Ya-fei*XIE Gao-yu KOU Yun-fang 2015, 46 (5):  602-608.  doi: 10.16098/j.issn.0529-1356.2015.05.005 Abstract ( )   Objective To observe the effect of Acupoint Catgut Embedding therapy（ACET）on nerve cell apoptosis and expression of Bcl-2 and Bax protein in hippocampus CA1 area of rats with vascular dementia and to explore their roles in the neuroprotection mechanism of cerebral ischemic injury. Methods VD models were established with the modified Pulsinelli four vessel occlusion(4-VO) method. The VD model rats were randomly divided into four groups by the stochastic indicator method: VD model group (group M), ACET group (group A) and nimodipine group (group N), and shamoperated group(group S).Two treatment groups were treated with ACET and nimodipine treatment. Learning and memory abilities of rats in 4 groups were detected with Morris Water Maze test after all rats ended treatment. The brain tissue containing hippocampus was collected, and the nerve cell apoptosis of CA1 area of hippocampus of rats was detected with TUNEL, and the expression of Bcl-2 and Bax protein in hippocampus CA1 area were detected with hybridization in situ. Changes of nerve cell apoptosis and content of Bcl-2 and Bax in hippocampus CA1 area were observed and compared. Results A large amount of apoptotic cells showed. The content of Bcl-2 mRNA reduced, the content of Bax mRNA increased in hippocampal CA1 region of rats in group M, and the differences were statistically significant by comparing with group S（P＜0.01). The obvious learning and memory disorder appeared in group M, and the difference was significant by comparing with group S（P＜0.01). Compared with group M, the ability of learning and memorizing of rats in group A significantly increased（P＜0.01) and the apoptosis cells were significantly reduced（P＜0.01). Bcl-2 mRNA expression in the CA1 area of hippocampus of group A had a significant increasing but Bax mRNA expression decreased. Conclusion ACET may improve the ability of learning and memorizing ability of VD rats, and its mechanism may be related to up-regulation of Bcl-2 mRNA, down-regulation of Bax mRNA in hippocampus CA1 area and inhibition of the nerve cell apoptosis of rats with vascular dementia. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Expression and localization of diacylglycerol kinase ζ, protein kinase C δ and Tis21 in the developing rat brain LI Jia NIU Bao-bei LIU Hui-xia LI Hai-rong QIAO Cong-jin CUI Hui-lin* 2015, 46 (5):  609-615.  doi: 10.16098/j.issn.0529-1356.2015.05.006 Abstract ( )   Objective To investigate the spatio-temporal expression patterns and the relationship of diacylglyceral kinase ζ (DGKζ ), protein kinase Cδ(PKC δ) and Tis21 in the developing rat brain.Methods Serial sections of five rat embryos each day from E9.5 to E18.5 were stained immunohistochemically to detect the expression of DGKζ, phosphated PKC δ（p-PKC δ）and Tis21 in rat embryonic brains. Western blotting was performed to examine the expression of DGKζ, p-PKCδ, PKCδ and Tis21 in 22 rat embryonic brains at E11.5, E12.5, E14.5, E16.5 and E18.5. Results Immunohistochemistry staining showed that p-PKCδ and Tis21 were positively expressed in the neuroepithelium of neural groove while DGKζ was negatively expressed at E9.5. DGKζ, p-PKCδ and Tis21 were positively expressed in the neuroepithelium of brain vesicles at E10.5 and E11.5. At E12.5, DGKζ, p-PKCδ and Tis21 were positively expressed in the neuroepithelum of telencephalon, diencephalon, ventral mesencephalon and pons. DGKζ was positively expressed in dorsal mesencephal, isthmus and cerebellar primordium, while the expression of p-PKCδ and Tis21 was not observed until E13.5. At E13.5, the expression of all of these three proteins was positive in neuroepithelium and differentiating field of hippocampus, pallidum, septal and rhinencephalic and negative in neocortex. At E14.5, with the positive expression extending to neocortex, DGKζ was expressed in the nervous tissue of whole brain. The expression of pPKCδ and Tis21 only extended to tectum. DGKζ expression pattern happened to p-PKCδ and Tis21 at E15.5. At E16.5-E18.5, their expression became weaker and was restricted to the cerebellum germinal layer and pontine nucleus. DGKζ and p-PKCδ  were expressed in cytoplasm of neuroepithelial cells, or in both cytoplasm and nucleus. Western blotting showed that the expression of DGKζ and Tis21 protein increased gradually at E11.5, E12.5 and E14.5, and decreased gradually at E16.5 and E18.5. The expression was significantly increased at E12.5 compared with E11.5. The ratio of p-PKCδ to PKCδ showed that the change of PKCδ activity had the same tendency with DGKζ expression.Conclusion The spatio-temporal expression of DGKζ, p-PKCδ and Tis21 conforms the development pattern of rat embryonic brain. The subcellular distribution of DGK and p-PKCδ in neuroepithelial cells suggests that they may regulate the development of the embryonic brain via DGKζ/Tis21 and PKCδ/Tis21 signaling pathway. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Differentiation of porcine adipose mesenchymal stem cells into adipocytes and the expression of Krüppel like factor 2 LIU Jing-xia LI Fang-zheng PIAO Ying-ji JIANG Zhong-ling SONG Xue-xiong* 2015, 46 (5):  616-622.  doi: 10.16098/j.issn.0529-1356.2015.05.007 Abstract ( )   Objective To investigate the gene expression changes of Krüppe-1 like factor (KLF)2 during the process of induced adipogenic differentiation from porcine adipose mesenchymal stem cells(AMSCs) in vitro and to reveal the foundation for regulating the differentiation of adipocyte. Methods The porcine AMSCs were isolated by typeⅠcollagen enzyme method and subcultured. F3 culture cell surface antigen was detected by flow cytometry. The differentiated adipocytes were identified by morphology and oil red O staining; The expression of KLF2 mRNA and adipogenic marker genes proliferator-activated receptor γ(PPARγ)2 were measured by Real-time PCR. Results The AMSCs expressed the MSCs cellular markers, CD29,CD44 and CD105 with a marking rate a of 91.7%,95.1% and 95.6% respectively,but did not express CD34 with a marking rate of 3.39%. Some adipocytes appeared when the AMSCs induced and differentiated for 2 days. When the induced differentiation time extended, the number of adipocytes increased. The adipogenic conversion rate reached 48.2% in the induction of 18 days. In the induction of 2,8 and 16 days, the expressions of KLF2 mRNA were 1.84±0206,1.07±0.072 and 0.83±0.095,and the expressions of PPARγ2 mRNA were 3.06±0.542,13.22±0.5736 and 15.11±1.073. Conclusion This study successfully obtained AMSCs which showed good adipogenic differentiation potential.The expressions of KLF2 was increased in early adipogenic differentiation phase, and then gradually reduced.The results suggest that the KLF2 is the negative regulation of transcription factors. References | Related Articles | Metrics